• Dietary antioxidants, supplements, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.

• Cancer screening for the primary care physician.

• [Hormonal contraception using estroprogestins]

• The effect of condom use on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN I).

• Are barrier methods protective against cervical cancer?

• Barrier and spermicidal contraceptive methods and risk of invasive cervical cancer.

• Long-term health risks and benefits of oral contraceptive use.

• Contraception: barriers and spermicides, periodic abstinence, and intrauterine devices.

• Oral contraceptives and neoplasia of the ovary.

• Oral contraceptives and neoplasia of the uterine corpus.

• Oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia.

• The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives: the influence of combined oral contraceptives on risk of neoplasms in

• [Favorable effects of oral estrogen-progestin contraception]

• Neoplastic effects of oral contraceptives.

• Worldwide variations in the lifetime probability of reproductive cancer in women: implications of best-case, worst-case, and likely-case

• The prevention of breast cancer through reduced ovarian steroid exposure.

• Oral contraceptives and gynecologic cancer: an update for the 1990s.

• Risk targeting in cervical screening: a new look at an old problem.

• [Health benefits of contraception]

• Uptake of cervical screening.

• Combined pills may decrease endometrial cancer risk; sequentials may increase it.

• [Studies on the viability of trophoblast after termination of various kinds of pregnancies (author's transl)]

• Assessment of oestrogen and progestin effects on epithelium and stroma from pre- and postmenopausal endometria.

• Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives.

• Noncontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives.

• Epithelial ovarian cancer and combination oral contraceptives.

• Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives.

• The noncontraceptive health benefits from oral contraceptive use.

• The protective role of progesterone in the prevention of endometrial cancer.

• Long-term use of oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia: an association confounded by other risk factors?

• Epidemiological factors and prophylaxis of ovarian tumors.

• The epidemiology of cervical neoplasia.

• Oral contraceptives come of age.

• Hormonal contraception and cancer.

• Oral contraceptives and life expectancy.

• Minimizing the metabolic risks of oral contraceptives through patient counseling and monitoring.

• [The "other" advantages of the pill]

• Evaluating well-woman clinics.

• The role of contraceptive use in cervical cancer: the Maryland Cervical Cancer Case-Control Study.

• [Positive effects of oral contraceptives]

• Barrier contraception.

• Pills, partners and preventive prospects: in-situ cancer of the cervix.

• The effects of oral contraceptives and parity on ovarian cancer trends in women under 55 years of age.

• Colposcopy in a family planning clinic: a future model?

• Are low-dose oral contraceptives safer and better?

• A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and invasive epithelial ovarian cancer.

• Ovarian and endometrial cancers.

• Report: the pill's health benefits appear to far outweigh its risks.

• Effect of a mobile unit on changes in knowledge and use of cervical cancer screening among rural Thai women.

• The pill and gynecologic cancer: controversy and mystery prevail.

• Human papillomaviruses, cervical cancer and the developing world.

• Prostitution, condom use, and invasive squamous cell cervical cancer in Thailand.

• Screening for cervical cancer.

• Trends in cervical cancer mortality in South Africa.

• Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception and the risk of breast and gynecologic cancer.

• Mifepristone: clinical application in general gynecology.

• Cervical cancer control in developing countries: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

• [Cervical cancer in developing countries. A threat to reproductive health]

• Sociodemographic factors of Pap smear screening in Taiwan.

• Use of the Pap test by a population group in Buenos Aires.

• Limited education as a risk factor in cervical cancer.

• Workshop on screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Central America.

• Cervical cancer screening programs: technical cooperation in the Caribbean.

• Program for the control of cervical cancer in Peru.

• Cervical cancer screening in the Bahamas.

• Oral contraceptive pills. Prevention of ovarian cancer and other benefits.

• Evaluation of cervical cancer screening programme in the Harare City Health Department, Zimbabwe.

• Cervical cancer screening in a rural population of Zimbabwe.

• Knowledge and attitude of general outpatient attendants in Nigeria to cervical cancer.

• [Oral contraceptives and endometrial and ovarian carcinomas]

• Women's attitudes to and awareness of smear testing and cervical cancer.

• A mobile unit: an effective service for cervical cancer screening among rural Thai women.

• [Role of the obstetric nurse in the Anhanguera community, Campo Grande (MS), in the prevention of cervical cancer]

• Oral contraceptive health benefits: perception versus reality.

• Role of surgery in the prophylaxis of hereditary cancer syndromes.

• Women's decisions regarding management of breast cancer risk.

• BRCAPRO validation, sensitivity of genetic testing of BRCA1/BRCA2, and prevalence of other breast cancer susceptibility genes.

• External quality assessment in gynaecological cytology: The Trent Region experience. The Trent Regional Gynaecological Pathology Quality

• [Essential to discover hereditary colorectal and endometrial cancer. Mutations in "HNPCC individuals" can cause several different tumors]

• Screening for cancer of the cervix.

• Report of a National Workshop on Screening for Cancer of the Cervix.

• Report of a national workshop on screening for cancer of the cervix.

• Report of a national workshop on screening for cancer of the cervix.

• Personal view. Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears? Authors' reply.

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Preventive practice among primary care physicians in British Columbia: relation to recommendations of the Canadian Task Force on the Periodic

• Micronutrients and ovarian cancer: a case-control study in Italy.

• Does cervical cancer screening do more harm than good?

• Ignore smears against cervical screening.

• [Precancerous lesions and cervical cancer vs HPV infection in pregnant women--cytological assessment]

• Routine audit is an ethical requirement of screening.

• Whither the simple ovarian cyst in postmenopausal women?

• Cancer screening among community health center women: eliminating the gaps.

• [Mass screening against endometrial cancer?]

• [Mass screening against endometrial carcinoma]

• Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance, 1991: monitoring progress toward the nation's year 2000 health objectives.

• [Screening for cancer]

• Trends in self-reported use of mammograms (1989-1997) and Papanicolaou tests (1991-1997)--Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

• Visualization techniques (colposcopy, direct visual inspection, and spectroscopic and other visual methods). Summary of task force 7.

• Cervical cancer screening: are the 1989 recommendations still valid? National Workshop on Screening for Cancer of the Cervix.

• Why is there no progress against cervical cancer?

• Progress in screening for cervical cancer.

• Progress in screening for cervical cancer.

1
UI - 11962261
AU - Fleischauer AT; Olson SH; Mignone L; Simonsen N; Caputo TA; Harlap S
TI - Dietary antioxidants, supplements, and risk of epithelial ovarian cancer.
SO - Nutr Cancer 2001;40(2):92-8
AD - Dept. of Epidemiology, CB 7435, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
Several studies of dietary and serum antioxidant micronutrients (vitamins A, C, and E and beta-carotene) suggest that higher levels may be protective for ovarian cancer. None of these has examined supplements. We used a food frequency questionnaire and additional questions on supplements to study 168 histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer cases, 159 community controls, and 92 hospital-based controls. Antioxidant consumption from diet or supplements was calculated in milligrams or international units per day. In multivariate analyses using only community controls, the highest levels of intake of vitamins C and E from supplements were protective: odds ratio (OR) = 0.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.21-0.78] and OR = 0.33 (95% CI = 0.18-0.60), respectively. Consumption of antioxidants from diet was unrelated to risk. In analyses combining antioxidant intake from diet and supplements, vitamins C (> 363 mg/day) and E (> 75 mg/day) were associated with reduced risks: OR = 0.45 (95% CI = 0.22-0.91) and OR = 0.44 (95% CI = 0.21-0.94), respectively. Results were similar, with some attenuation toward the null, in analyses combining both control groups. The levels of vitamins C and E associated with the protective effect were well above the current US Recommended Dietary Allowances. These findings support the hypothesis that antioxidant vitamins C and E from supplements are related to a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.

2
UI - 12243426
AU - Ashkar K; Bulbul M; Sharara A; Hourani M; Hamadeh GN
TI - Cancer screening for the primary care physician.
SO - J Med Liban 2001 Sep-Oct;49(5):298-302
AD - American University of Beirut-Medical Center, Department of Family Medicine, Lebanon. k_ashkar@yahoo.com
Cancer screening guidelines are developed by numerous agencies. These guidelines are often conflicting leaving the primary care physician in a difficult position. He (she) is requested to choose the best test for his or her patients taking into consideration the principles of screening, the test cost and most importantly the patient's emotional and physical well-being. Screening for some cancers, like lung cancer, has been considered of no benefit. Other cancers, like breast, colon, cervix and prostate, have been the subject of numerous recommendations: For breast cancer, clinical examination and mammography are recommended every 1-2 years for women between 50 to 70 years. For cervical cancer, PAP smear is suggested every 1-3 years and for colorectal cancer, a yearly fecal occult blood, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy every 5-10 years. Annual serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination screening for prostate cancer are still controversial.

3
UI - 2187166
AU - Grio R; Piacentino R; Cellura A; Caccuri D; Zaccheo F; Baccarini G;
TI - Marchino GL; Borgarino S; Fuda G [Hormonal contraception using estroprogestins]
SO - Minerva Ginecol 1990 Mar;42(3):49-53
AD - Istituto di Ginecologia e Ostetricia Cattedra A, Universita degli Studi di Torino.
Today the estroprogestagen pill is the most valid method of contraception given that its benefits far outweigh its risks. The paper stresses the importance of a thorough anamnestic, clinical and laboratory examination so as to obtain correct and safe steroid contraception. The efficacy and excellent tolerance of the combined method currently make it the most widespread form of oral contraception.

4
UI - 2256863
AU - Thomas I; Wright G; Ward B
TI - The effect of condom use on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN I).
SO - Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 1990 Aug;30(3):236-9
AD - Royal Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland.
A prospective, controlled study of condom use in patients with histologically-proven CIN I was undertaken. Forty-six patients were studied, 22 by random allocation and 24 by nonrandom allocation to either condom use or non-condom use for 6 months. At the end of this time, patients were reassessed cytologically, colposcopically and histologically. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to outcome. Six patients' lesions (13%) progressed in this period, 5 (11%) to CIN III. Condom usage is not an effective treatment for CIN I.

5
UI - 2083301
AU - Daling JR; Weiss NS
TI - Are barrier methods protective against cervical cancer?
SO - Epidemiology 1990 Jul;1(4):261-2

6
UI - 2083303
AU - Hildesheim A; Brinton LA; Mallin K; Lehman HF; Stolley P; Savitz DA;
TI - Levine R Barrier and spermicidal contraceptive methods and risk of invasive cervical cancer.
SO - Epidemiology 1990 Jul;1(4):266-72
AD - Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.
The effects of barrier and spermicidal methods of contraception on cervical cancer risk were examined by studying 479 cases of histologically confirmed invasive cervical cancer cases and 788 random digit dialing controls. In addition to a detailed history of contraceptive practices, information was available on numerous potential confounders, including demographic characteristics, sexual behavior, reproductive factors, Pap smear screening history, and smoking. After adjustment for relevant confounders, diaphragm and condom use were found not to be significantly associated with risk of cervical cancer. Although there was a small reduction in risk (OR = 0.8) associated with long-term use (5+ years) of the diaphragm, the effect appeared to relate to concomitant spermicide use, since there was evidence of further decreases in risk for women using spermicides alone for extended periods (OR = 0.7 for 5+ years). Effects were only seen among subjects of higher income and education levels, suggesting that patterns of usage may be important. The potential ability of spermicides to reduce cervical cancer risk by neutralizing viral agents warrants further attention.

7
UI - 2092241
AU - Peterson HB; Lee NC
TI - Long-term health risks and benefits of oral contraceptive use.
SO - Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1990 Dec;17(4):775-88
AD - Division of Reproductive Health, Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia.
The contraceptive effect of oral contraceptive use provides an important health benefit, particularly in developing countries, where the risks of pregnancy and childbearing are increased. Several important noncontraceptive health benefits of oral contraceptive use include the prevention of endometrial and ovarian cancers. Data are generally reassuring concerning the risks of oral contraceptive use, which include cardiovascular disease and breast and cervical cancer.

8
UI - 2130948
AU - Yang M; Prasad RN; Ratnam SS
TI - Contraception: barriers and spermicides, periodic abstinence, and intrauterine devices.
SO - Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1990 Aug;2(4):524-30
AD - National University Hosital, University of Singapore.

9
UI - 1868732
AU - Stanford JL
TI - Oral contraceptives and neoplasia of the ovary.
SO - Contraception 1991 Jun;43(6):543-56
AD - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Program in Epidemiology (MP-474) Seattle, Washington 98104.
Epidemiologic literature on oral contraceptives in relation to primary ovarian cancer is reviewed. Compared to women who have never used oral contraceptives, women who have ever taken oral contraceptives have about a 30% reduction in risk for epithelial ovarian cancer, and five or more years of use is associated with a 50% reduction in risk. The protective effect of oral contraceptives persists for ten or more years after use is discontinued, and becomes apparent several years after beginning use. Effects of oral contraceptives are similar for malignant and borderline malignant epithelial ovarian cancer. Reduced risks among oral contraceptive users have been observed for all major histologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer, and for women from developed and developing countries. Risk estimates for epithelial ovarian cancer in relation to oral contraceptive use stratified by age at diagnosis or parity are not uniform across studies. No consistent protective effect is apparent for non-epithelial ovarian tumors or benign ovarian tumors, including teratomas and cystadenomas, although limited data are available on the relationship between oral contraceptives and these neoplasms. Several areas for future research are described.

10
UI - 1868733
AU - Schlesselman JJ
TI - Oral contraceptives and neoplasia of the uterine corpus.
SO - Contraception 1991 Jun;43(6):557-79
AD - Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.
Effects of oral contraception on neoplasia of the uterine corpus are reviewed on the basis of epidemiologic studies reported to date. A duration-related protective effect against endometrial cancer occurs from use of combined oral contraceptives, those in which each active pill contains both estrogen and progestogen. The risk before age 60 years is reduced by about 38% with two years of use; use of combined OCs for 4, 8, and 12 years, respectively, confers an estimated 51%, 64%, and 70% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. The protective effect appears not to be diminished by discontinued use, even 15 or more years after stopping. Whether protection continues throughout the entire postmenopausal period, even in the presence of long-term hormone replacement therapy, remains to be seen. Use of combined OCs may protect against uterine leiomyomas ("fibroids"), but the evidence is not conclusive. The few findings about effects of oral contraception on the risk of adenomatous hyperplasia are of uncertain validity. Only one study, with few patients, has considered oral contraception in relation to uterine sarcomas.

11
UI - 1868734
AU - Brinton LA
TI - Oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia.
SO - Contraception 1991 Jun;43(6):581-95
AD - Environmental Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.
Although initial studies examining the relationship of oral contraceptives to risk of cervical neoplasia were reassuring, more recent studies provide some evidence of a positive relationship, particularly for long-term usage. Results, however, are difficult to interpret, because of a variety of methodologic complexities, including potential sources of confounding and bias. Sexual behavior and Pap smear screening have been identified as important confounders, but in several well-controlled studies residual excess risks of nearly 2-fold persist for users of 5 or more years. A possible promotional effect of oral contraceptives is suggested by higher risks associated with recent usage. There also is some suggestion of a stronger effect for adenocarcinomas than for squamous cell tumors. A relationship is biologically possible, given findings of hormone receptors in cervical tissue and the fact that oral contraceptives have been found to induce cervical hyperplasia. In addition, oral contraceptives may induce proliferation of the human papillomaviruses, the leading suspect agent for cervical cancer. Although a number of lines of evidence support a relationship of oral contraceptives to cervical cancer risk, firm conclusions await the results of additional studies that specifically address some of the methodologic shortcomings of previous investigations. In particular, additional follow-up studies are needed to define the effect of oral contraceptives on the natural history of cervical lesions.

12
UI - 1868738
AU - Thomas DB
TI - The WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives: the influence of combined oral contraceptives on risk of neoplasms in developing and developed countries.
SO - Contraception 1991 Jun;43(6):695-710
AD - Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104.
A hospital-based case-control study was conducted in eight developing and three developed countries to determine whether use of combined oral contraceptives alters risks of various cancers. An observed trend of increasing risk of invasive cervical cancer with duration of use may not represent a causal relationship and is the subject of further study. Decreased risks of ovarian and endometrial carcinomas in users likely indicate a protective effect of oral contraceptives, the degree of which was similar in developing and developed countries. A small increase in risk of breast cancer in recent and current users was found to be somewhat greater in developing than developed countries. Both causal and non-causal interpretations of this finding have been offered. No associations were found between oral contraceptives and in situ cervical, hepatocellular, cholangio, or gallbladder carcinomas, or uterine sarcomas; but the power of this study to detect alterations in risks of these neoplasms in long-term users was low.

13
UI - 1815841
AU - Presl J
TI - [Favorable effects of oral estrogen-progestin contraception]
SO - Cesk Gynekol 1991 Nov;56(5-6):350-2
AD - Ustav pro peci o matku a dite, Praha-Podoli.

14
UI - 1678377
AU - Grimes DA
TI - Neoplastic effects of oral contraceptives.
SO - Int J Fertil 1991;36 Suppl 1():19-24
AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles.
The potential association between the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) and certain types of cancer remains an important concern. Epidemiologic studies published over the past decade indicate that the overall risk of breast cancer is not increased among women exposed to OCs. Some studies have suggested an increased risk among younger women with long-term use, and this issue requires further study. OCs confer significant protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers, and the effect is duration-related: longer use is more protective. In the largest study to date, the protection against these two types of cancer persisted for at least 15 years after OCs were discontinued. Several studies have linked long-term OC use with an increased risk of cervical cancer or its precursors, but methodologic difficulties in studying cervical cancer are such that the potential association with OC use may never be clarified. A large international study has found no association between OC use for any duration and liver cancer. Neither malignant melanoma nor pituitary adenoma appears to be linked to OC use. In summary, OCs protect against endometrial and ovarian cancers and have no overall effect on the risk of breast cancer. Women using OCs should have regular Papanicolaou screening.

15
UI - 1559340
AU - Petitti DB; Porterfield D
TI - Worldwide variations in the lifetime probability of reproductive cancer in women: implications of best-case, worst-case, and likely-case assumptions about the effect of oral contraceptive use.
SO - Contraception 1992 Feb;45(2):93-104
AD - Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine 94143.
Cancer incidence in countries representative of three patterns of reproductive cancer and age-specific mortality was used to estimate the effect of oral contraceptive use on the lifetime probability of reproductive cancer under three sets of assumptions about the effects of oral contraceptives. Under the set of assumptions considered likely, oral contraceptives were estimated to reduce or increase only slightly the lifetime probability of any reproductive cancer in each setting. Under worst-case assumptions, oral contraceptives were estimated to increase the lifetime probability of reproductive cancer only modestly in settings with low cancer rates and in settings with high rates of breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer, but it might have a large impact on lifetime probability of reproductive cancer in settings with high cervical cancer rates. Under best-case assumptions, oral contraceptives were estimated to decrease the lifetime probability of reproductive cancer in each setting; this reduction was estimated to be greatest in settings where endometrial and ovarian cancer incidence are high.

16
UI - 1622631
AU - Spicer DV; Pike MC
TI - The prevention of breast cancer through reduced ovarian steroid exposure.
SO - Acta Oncol 1992;31(2):167-74
AD - University of Southern California School of Medicine, Department of Preventive Medicine, Los Angeles 90033-9987.
Analysis of epidemiologic data on cancers of the breast, ovary and endometrium; the effects of endogenous hormones on cell proliferation; and current carcinogenesis concepts, suggest that hormonal contraceptives can be developed that will reduce lifetime risk of all 3 cancers. The 'unopposed-estrogen hypothesis' accounts for endometrial cancer risk factors. Ovarian cancer risk is closely related to the total frequency of ovulation. The risk of breast cancer can be explained by an 'estrogen-plus-progestogen hypothesis'. On the basis of this analysis an hormonal contraceptive regimen has been developed consisting of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHA) plus continuous low-dose add-back estrogen and a short course of progestogen every fourth month. The total dose of add-back estrogen is estimated to be approximately 38% that in present-day low-dose combination-type oral contraceptives (COCs). The total dose of progestogen is approximately 15% that in COCs. This regimen prevents ovulation and should thus reduce ovarian cancer risk. It also reduces the exposure of the endometrium to unopposed estrogen, and the exposure of the breast to estrogen-plus-progestogen. It is estimated that use of such a regimen for 10 years will only reduce lifetime risk of endometrial cancer by one-sixth, but lifetime risk of ovarian cancer is estimated to be reduced by two-thirds, and lifetime risk of breast cancer is estimated to be reduced by one-half.

17
UI - 1415442
AU - Kaunitz AM
TI - Oral contraceptives and gynecologic cancer: an update for the 1990s.
SO - Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992 Oct;167(4 Pt 2):1171-6
AD - University of Florida Health Science Center, Jacksonville 32209.
The most recent statistical evidence confirms a protective effect of oral contraceptive use against ovarian and endometrial cancers. Studies of the association between oral contraceptive use and cervical cancer continue to be hampered by confounding factors; however, results suggest that the overall risk of invasive cervical neoplasia is not increased. Although the association between oral contraceptive use and breast cancer remains controversial, existing data strongly suggest that overall risk of breast cancer is not increased by the use of oral contraceptives. In most candidates for oral contraceptive use, the benefits greatly outweigh the risks.

18
UI - 1466924
AU - Wilkinson CE; Peters TJ; Harvey IM; Stott NC
TI - Risk targeting in cervical screening: a new look at an old problem.
SO - Br J Gen Pract 1992 Oct;42(363):435-8
AD - Department of General Practice, University of Wales, College of Medicine.
In the face of continuing debate about the level of effectiveness of the United Kingdom cervical cytology screening programme in preventing cervical cancer, more precise targeting of high risk groups might offer a means of enhancing its efficiency. Broad risk targeting is already practised by screening only sexually active women aged 20 to 65 years. This paper describes a risk scoring system constructed from the available literature and designed to be used by primary care health professionals and patients. The system involves four independent risk factors: educational level, current smoking habit, years of oral contraceptive use and number of sexual partners. Since the objective is simply to identify women at relatively high risk, inclusion of a factor neither requires nor implies causality. The next steps are to study the feasibility of putting the scale to practical use and to investigate its predictive value in a prospective evaluation.

19
UI - 1345289
AU - Luukkainen T
TI - [Health benefits of contraception]
SO - Duodecim 1992;108(23-24):2083-7
AD - Helsingin yliopiston laaketieteellisen kemian laitos, Helsinki, Finland.

20
UI - 8318416
AU - Twaddle S; McIlwaine G
TI - Uptake of cervical screening.
SO - Br J Cancer 1993 Jul;68(1):213

21
UI - 7398868
AU - Anonymous
TI - Combined pills may decrease endometrial cancer risk; sequentials may increase it.
SO - Fam Plann Perspect 1980 May-Jun;12(3):162

22
UI - 6263995
AU - Kanda K
TI - [Studies on the viability of trophoblast after termination of various kinds of pregnancies (author's transl)]
SO - Nippon Sanka Fujinka Gakkai Zasshi 1980 Oct;32(10):1575-82
Although normal value of hCG (LH level) does not necessarily indicate eradication of viable trophoblast, its confirmation has been demonstrated as a clinically useful guide for the probable prevention of choriocarcinoma after hydatidiform mole by Takeuchi et al. Choriocarcinoma preceded by other pregnancies than hydatidiform mole which has the highest risk for choriocarcinoma has drawn more attention than before in connection with the decrease of postmolar choriocarcinoma. So that I have studied the regression rate of urinary gonadotropin (hCG) after the termination of various kinds of pregnancies. In 2,433 cases of induced abortion, 695 cases of spontaneous abortion, 1,724 cases of term delivery and 43 cases of hydatidiform mole, their urinary hCG were determined to the level of physiological range of LH. The rate of hCG regression was in the order of term delivery, spontaneous abortion, induced abortion and hydatidiform mole. The younger was the gestational age of trophoblast, the slower was the regression of hCG. At one month after the termination of pregnancy, 80.1%, 11%, 0.3%, 8% and 4.1%, and at two month 55.8%, 1.6%, 0.5%, 4% and 0.5% for hydatidiform mole, induced abortion of less than 12 week of gestation, spontaneous abortion of less than 12 week of gestation, spontaneous abortion of between 13 and 20 week of gestation respectively still showed abnormal hCG value. One percent of induced abortion at 5 month, 4% of spontaneous abortion at 3 month, 0.3% of term delivery at 4 month still maintained abnormal titer. No malignant sequelae in patients under the investigation have ever been observed in the follow up period between 3 and 8 years.

23
UI - 7339244
AU - King RJ; Lane G; Siddle N; Taylor RW; Townsend PT; Whitehead MI
TI - Assessment of oestrogen and progestin effects on epithelium and stroma from pre- and postmenopausal endometria.
SO - J Steroid Biochem 1981 Dec;15():175-81

24
UI - 7033575
AU - Hulka BS; Chambless LE; Kaufman DG; Fowler WC Jr; Greenberg BG
TI - Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives.
SO - JAMA 1982 Jan 22-29;247(4):475-7
Seventy-nine patients with endometrial carcinoma were compared with 203 control subjects regarding their use of combination-product oral contraceptives (OCs). Overall, 6.3% of patients and 15.3% of control subjects had used these products. The risk of endometrial cancer for users of OCs was less than half the risk for nonusers. Five years or more of use reduced the risk to a third. Recent users were strongly protected, whereas discontinuation resulted in risks returning to those of nonusers. Furthermore, OCs with predominantly progestational effects of intermediate formulations produced greater protection than those with predominantly estrogens. This pattern of results is biologically consistent with a protective effect of combination-product OCs against endometrial carcinoma.

25
UI - 7065059
AU - Mishell DR Jr
TI - Noncontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives.
SO - Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982 Mar 15;142(6 Pt 2):809-16
Prospective and retrospective epidemiologic studies involving oral contraceptives have been reviewed to determine the existence and extent of their benefits other than prevention of pregnancy. There is less menstrual blood loss, which reduces the risk of iron deficiency anemia by about 50%. The incidence of menorrhagia, irregular menses, and intermenstrual bleeding is also significantly reduced in users of oral contraceptives. Studies have shown an approximate 50% reduction in risk of endometrial cancer in oral contraceptive users, as well as a significant reduction in various types of benign breast disease. Because oral contraceptives inhibit ovulation, functional ovarian cysts are nearly eliminated, and the incidence of dysmenorrhea and premenstrual tension is significantly reduced. Oral contraceptives also protect women from developing ovarian carcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and salpingitis. From this review we conclude that the benefits of oral contraceptives in young healthy women for far outweight their more widely publicized, infrequent risks.

26
UI - 7045417
AU - Rosenberg L; Shapiro S; Slone D; Kaufman DW; Helmrich SP; Miettinen OS;
TI - Stolley PD; Rosenshein NB; Schottenfeld D; Engle RL Jr Epithelial ovarian cancer and combination oral contraceptives.
SO - JAMA 1982 Jun 18;247(23):3210-2
The risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in relation to the use of combination oral contraceptives was evaluated in a case-control study of women younger than 60 years. Combination oral contraceptives were used by 35 (26%) of 136 cases and 187 (35%) of 539 controls. The relative risk estimate for combination oral contraceptive use was 0.6 (95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 0.9). The reduction in risk appeared to persist for as long as ten years after use had ceased and to be greater for longer durations of use, but these results were not statistically significant. The findings were not explained by parity or by other identified potential confounding factors. The results suggest that the use of combination oral contraceptives protects against epithelial ovarian cancer.

27
UI - 7097914
AU - Evrard JR
TI - Protection against endometrial carcinoma by combination-product oral contraceptives.
SO - JAMA 1982 Aug 13;248(6):647-8

28
UI - 7117506
AU - Ory HW
TI - The noncontraceptive health benefits from oral contraceptive use.
SO - Fam Plann Perspect 1982 Jul-Aug;14(4):182-4

29
UI - 7145772
AU - Greenblatt RB; Gambrell RD Jr; Stoddard LD
TI - The protective role of progesterone in the prevention of endometrial cancer.
SO - Pathol Res Pract 1982 Aug;174(3):297-318
An association between endometrial hyperplasia and corpus cancer has long been suspected. Genetically predisposed women are at greater risk of developing endometrial cancer if subjected to long uninterrupted period of estrogen stimulation. Endometrial cancer need not be inevitable if 14 day courses of an oral progestogen are continued for as long as is necessary; in some women, however, the lesions will progress and, therefore, should be carefully followed with repeated endometrial biopsies. Epidemiological evidence suggests a true link between unopposed estrogens and early, less invasive endometrial cancer, and progestogens appear capable of protecting against the development of cancer and hyperplasia, although complete protection has not yet been achieved. The protective action of progestogens is supported by the fact the none developed endometrial cancer in a series of 490 women of reproductive age who received continuous estrogens by way of pellet implants of 17 beta estradiol for conception control for 1--10 years. Evidence for the protective action of progestogens in estrogen-treated menopausal women was less solid than in non-menopausal women but was nonetheless considerable. Our study of 1058 women, 45 years of age and older, receiving continuous estrogens by way of 17 beta estradiol pellets over a period varying from 1 to 21 years, revealed that the incidence of cancer was not greater and was possibly less than that expected in an untreated population of menopausal women.

30
UI - 3841044
AU - Hellberg D; Valentin J; Nilsson S
TI - Long-term use of oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia: an association confounded by other risk factors?
SO - Contraception 1985 Oct;32(4):337-46
One-hundred-and-forty women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) found during pregnancy were compared to 280 pregnant age-matched controls. Information was obtained on obstetrical and gynecological history, sexual behaviour, contraceptive use and smoking of the female and of the male partner. Oral contraceptive use for 60 months or more was significantly associated with CIN. This significance vanished when the effect of confounding factors was controlled for in a log-linear analysis. According to these results, long-term oral contraceptive use does not seem to be a causal factor of CIN, but these women constitute a high risk group due to sexual history and smoking habits and should thus be referred for a regular cytological screening.

31
UI - 6762965
AU - Bettochi S; Restaino A; Lucisano F; Orlando E; Ferreri R; Ierardi GM;
TI - Selvaggi L Epidemiological factors and prophylaxis of ovarian tumors.
SO - Eur J Gynaecol Oncol 1982;3(3):192-205

32
UI - 3841750
AU - La Vecchia C
TI - The epidemiology of cervical neoplasia.
SO - Biomed Pharmacother 1985;39(8):426-33
Controversial topics in the epidemiology of cervical neoplasia are reviewed, in the light of data from studies conducted in Italy and indications from the literature. The downward trends registered over the last three decades in mortality from cervical cancer seem to be levelling off in the younger age groups (below age 45). This may be partly due to changes in sexual habits in younger women, but is certainly attributable to deficiencies in cervical screening. Pap smear, in fact, strongly reduces the risk of cervical neoplasia, the protection (as suggested by data from a case control study), being long lasting (over five years and perhaps around 10-15 years) for invasive cancers. The results of the same case-control study indicate that, although women with pre-invasive and invasive conditions seem to share several unspecific indicators of sexual habits (i.e., total number of partners and age at first intercourse), they appear to differ with regard to clinical history of specific venereal disease. In fact, genital warts, herpes genitalis and trichomoniasis were more frequent in cases of intraepithelial neoplasia, but not of invasive cancer. The implications of these findings, and of other controversial points in the epidemiology of cervical neoplasia, such as oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking and diet, are discussed with regard to indications from other disciplines (chiefly molecular hybridization and stochastic models of carcinogenesis).

33
UI - 3855123
AU - Anonymous
TI - Oral contraceptives come of age.
SO - Can Oper Room Nurs J 1985 May-Jun;3(3):44

34
UI - 3955285
AU - Drife J; Guillebaud J
TI - Hormonal contraception and cancer.
SO - Br J Hosp Med 1986 Jan;35(1):25-9
The natural menstrual cycle can influence the development of some cancers. Combined oral contraceptives, which replace normal hormonal fluctuations with steadier levels of artificial sex hormones, appear to protect against cancers of the endometrium and ovary, but their effect on carcinomas of the breast and cervix remains uncertain.

35
UI - 3523849
AU - Fortney JA; Harper JM; Potts M
TI - Oral contraceptives and life expectancy.
SO - Stud Fam Plann 1986 May-Jun;17(3):117-25
Life expectancy for women in the United States is 77.34 years; women who take oral contraceptives (OCs) for five years before the age of 30 can expect to live about four days longer. This is due primarily to protection against ovarian and endometrial cancers. For women taking pills for five years in their thirties there is a maximum loss of 18 days on the average that is attributable to OC use, and for women over 45 this rises to 80 days. The decreased life expectancy is due mainly to the increased mortality from myocardial infarction and stroke. This is substantially less than life lost due to use of a variety of other substances, most notably tobacco.

36
UI - 3772914
AU - Connell EB
TI - Minimizing the metabolic risks of oral contraceptives through patient counseling and monitoring.
SO - J Reprod Med 1986 Sep;31(9 Suppl):934-8
Before selecting a method of contraception, it is necessary to obtain a careful medical, family and personal history. In addition, a physical examination and basic laboratory studies must be done. It is important to properly counsel all patients who wish to use an oral contraceptive (OC), particularly if they have one or more risk factors. This counseling should include the rationale for using a low-dose, low-potency OC, what side effects to look for and what the follow-up schedule will be so that the patients are monitored adequately.

37
UI - 6888595
AU - Meuwissen JH
TI - [The "other" advantages of the pill]
SO - Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1983 Jul 16;127(29):1294-6

38
UI - 6889241
AU - Lloyd G
TI - Evaluating well-woman clinics.
SO - Practitioner 1983 May;227(1379):735-43

39
UI - 3631051
AU - Celentano DD; Klassen AC; Weisman CS; Rosenshein NB
TI - The role of contraceptive use in cervical cancer: the Maryland Cervical Cancer Case-Control Study.
SO - Am J Epidemiol 1987 Oct;126(4):592-604
Recent evidence on the importance of sexual history and sexually transmissible agents in cervical cancer has been reported. Case-control studies have frequently demonstrated increased risk of cervical cancer for women using oral contraceptives, while laboratory results have shown that vaginal spermicides inactivate various sexually transmissible agents. To determine the role of contraceptive use in cervical cancer, 153 cases of Maryland women with invasive cervical cancer and age, race, and residence-matched controls were interviewed in 1985, focusing on sexual history, health care utilization patterns, screening history, contraceptive use, and smoking. Overall, lifetime use of contraceptives was protective of cervical cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.2-0.7). Use of oral contraceptives (OR = 0.48), diaphragm (OR = 0.29), and vaginal spermicides (OR = 0.28) were more frequent in controls than cases. After adjustment for behavioral factors (age at first intercourse, smoking, gaps in Papanicolaou smear testing, and obstetrician-gynecologist visits), use of vaginal spermicides remained significant (OR = 0.30), although use of oral contraceptives and barrier methods of contraception failed to remain significant. The effectiveness of vaginal spermicides in preventing cervical cancer may be due to their antiviral action.

40
UI - 6685843
AU - Colla G; Volante R; Visentin L; Pescarmona A
TI - [Positive effects of oral contraceptives]
SO - Minerva Ginecol 1983 Jul-Aug;35(7-8):505-10

41
UI - 6150780
AU - Mills A
TI - Barrier contraception.
SO - Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1984 Dec;11(3):641-60
Barrier contraception is a safe, effective, reversible form of contraception acceptable to many couples. The use of barrier contraception may protect against carcinoma of the cervix and sexually transmitted diseases. Distribution and education in the use of barrier contraception does not always require medical supervision. This must make it an attractive form of contraception for agencies supporting family planning programmes in developing countries. The only marketed recent advance in barrier contraception is the collatex sponge. Effectiveness rates range between 9 and 27 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. This is unlikely to make it the first choice of contraception for couples who would find an unintended pregnancy a severe problem, but the sponge will be acceptable to couples who are simply trying to delay a pregnancy. The new surge of interest in barrier contraception could lead to safer more effective forms of contraception being made available to women without medical supervision. This would have many advantages, but could also detract from the ability of family planning clinics to play an important role in preventative medicine for women.

42
UI - 2541323
AU - McMichael AJ; Hiller JE
TI - Pills, partners and preventive prospects: in-situ cancer of the cervix.
SO - Med J Aust 1989 Feb 6;150(3):114-6
AD - Department of Community Medicine, The University of Adelaide.

43
UI - 2788456
AU - Villard-Mackintosh L; Vessey MP; Jones L
TI - The effects of oral contraceptives and parity on ovarian cancer trends in women under 55 years of age.
SO - Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989 Jul;96(7):783-8
AD - Department of Community Medicine and General Practice, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Infirmary.
Mortality from epithelial ovarian cancer is falling in women under 55 years of age in England and Wales. The decline does not appear to be a treatment effect nor to be attributable to changes in the rate of oophorectomy. Case-control studies have shown that high parity and oral contraceptive use are protective against the disease. We suggest that the decrease in mortality is compatible in timing and magnitude with exposure to oral contraceptives. No obvious effect on mortality attributable to parity was apparent in this analysis. Oral contraceptives may prove to be a widely acceptable means of preventing ovarian cancer, providing they do not increase breast cancer risk.

44
UI - 3109632
AU - Kitchener HC; Burnett RA; Wilson ES; Cordiner JW
TI - Colposcopy in a family planning clinic: a future model?
SO - Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1987 May 23;294(6583):1313-5
The first year's experience of a satellite colposcopy clinic in the Glasgow Family Planning Centre was analysed. Establishment of the clinic was supervised by an experienced member of the colposcopy team at the department of gynaecology, Western Infirmary, Glasgow, who trained one of the family planning centre's staff. Close links were thus maintained with the hospital clinic to which patients were referred for treatment. The policy at the new colposcopy clinic was to study prospectively all women in the hospital catchment area whose cervical smears were reported as abnormal. In 58 of 162 such patients there was at least moderate dyskaryosis and the cytologist's recommendation had been referral for colposcopy. In 104 cases the changes were either atypia alone or mild dyskaryosis and a repeat smear was recommended within three to 12 months; 18 of these patients had grade II or III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia on biopsy, and relying on repeat smears would have resulted in an 11.7% false negative rate. If an a

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