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Types of Cancer > OncoLink Vet > Veterinary Oncology > Tumors
Hepatoid Gland Tumors
Supported by the Savannah and Barry French Poodle Memorial Fund
Affiliation:
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine
Last Modified: August 21, 2005
Michael H. Goldschmidt, MSc, BVMS, MRCVS, Diplomate ACVP Professor and Head, Laboratory of Pathology and Toxicology Chief, Surgical Pathology Department of Pathobiology
Frances S. Shofer, PhD, Adjunct Associate Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Introduction
Hepatoid glands are modified sebaceous glands only found in the dog. They are also referred to as perianal glands and circumanal glands. Hepatoid glands are found primarily in the perianal area, encircling the anus. They may also be found at the following sites:
- dorsal and ventral portions of the tail
- posterior area of the hindlimbs
- ventral abdomen, particularly the peripreputial skin
- lumbar area
- very occasionally in other sites, such as the head, neck and limbs
Hepatoid glands are ductless glands that continue to enlarge throughout the life of the dog under androgenic stimulation. Thus, in older male dogs they are commonly hyperplastic and subsequently may show progression to adenomas. It is likely that those cases which arise in females are associated with endogenous androgen production, probably by the adrenal gland.
The majority of hepatoid gland tumors are adenomas; fewer carcinomas are found on histopathologic evaluation of masses submitted for evaluation.
Hepatoid Gland Adenoma
Definition: A benign tumor of modified sebaceous glands comprised of cells that morphologically resemble hepatocytes.
Synonyms: Perianal Gland Adenoma, Circumanal Gland Adenoma
Epidemiology
|
Sex
|
N
|
Percent
|
| Female |
715
|
8% (21%)
|
| Female Spayed |
1800
|
21% (33%)
|
| Male |
4209
|
48% (25%)
|
| Male Castrated |
1993
|
23% (21%)
|
| (Normal Population %) |
|
Breeds at
Increased Risk |
N
|
Probability
|
OR
|
95%
Confidence Interval |
|
| Husky |
437
|
<0.0001
|
3.9
|
3.6
|
4.4
|
| Samoyed |
122
|
<0.0001
|
3.3
|
2.7
|
3.9
|
| Pekingese |
65
|
<0.0001
|
2.7
|
2.1
|
3.5
|
| Cocker Spaniel |
890
|
<0.0001
|
2.6
|
2.4
|
2.8
|
| Cockapoo |
86
|
<0.0001
|
2.3
|
1.8
|
2.8
|
| Weimeraner |
21
|
0.0358
|
2.1
|
1.1
|
3.9
|
| Lakeland Terrier |
179
|
<0.0001
|
2.0
|
1.7
|
2.3
|
| Brittany Spaniel |
81
|
<0.0001
|
1.9
|
1.5
|
2.4
|
| Shih Tzu |
215
|
<0.0001
|
1.7
|
1.5
|
2.0
|
| Mixed Breed |
2852
|
<0.0001
|
1.6
|
1.5
|
1.7
|
| Beagle |
273
|
<0.0001
|
1.6
|
1.4
|
1.8
|
|
Breeds at
Decreased Risk |
N
|
Probability
|
OR
|
95%
Confidence Interval |
|
| Bichon Frise |
43
|
0.0070
|
0.7
|
0.5
|
0.9
|
| German Shepherd |
239
|
<0.0001
|
0.7
|
0.6
|
0.7
|
| Labrador Retriever |
429
|
<0.0001
|
0.6
|
0.5
|
0.6
|
| Standard Poodle |
61
|
<0.0001
|
0.6
|
0.4
|
0.7
|
| Great Dane |
33
|
0.0001
|
0.5
|
0.4
|
0.8
|
| Miniature Schnauzer |
67
|
<0.0001
|
0.5
|
0.4
|
0.7
|
| Standard Schnauzer |
89
|
<0.0001
|
0.5
|
0.4
|
0.6
|
| Doberman Pinscher |
121
|
<0.0001
|
0.5
|
0.4
|
0.6
|
| English Bulldog |
15
|
0.0023
|
0.5
|
0.3
|
0.8
|
| Golden Retriever |
303
|
<0.0001
|
0.5
|
0.4
|
0.5
|
| Boston Terrier |
19
|
<0.0001
|
0.4
|
0.3
|
0.6
|
| Rhodesian Ridgeback |
9
|
0.0017
|
0.4
|
0.2
|
0.8
|
| Scottish Terrier |
25
|
<0.0001
|
0.4
|
0.3
|
0.6
|
| American Pit Bull Terrier |
14
|
<0.0001
|
0.3
|
0.2
|
0.5
|
| Maltese |
11
|
<0.0001
|
0.3
|
0.1
|
0.5
|
| English Setter |
9
|
<0.0001
|
0.3
|
0.1
|
0.5
|
| Jack Russell Terrier |
10
|
<0.0001
|
0.2
|
0.1
|
0.4
|
| Giant Schnauzer |
2
|
0.0028
|
0.2
|
0.0
|
0.7
|
| Boxer |
30
|
<0.0001
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
0.2
|
| Shar-Pei |
5
|
<0.0001
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
0.2
|
| Rottweiler |
15
|
<0.0001
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
0.1
|
| Gordon Setter |
1
|
<0.0001
|
0.1
|
0.0
|
0.4
|
| Breeds at Decreased Risk |
N | Probability | OR | 95% Confidence Interval |
|
| Bichon Frise | 43 | 0.0070 | 0.67 | 0.49 | 0.90 |
| German Shepherd | 239 | <0.0001 | 0.65 | 0.57 | 0.74 |
| Labrador Retriever | 429 | <0.0001 | 0.59 | 0.53 | 0.65 |
| Standard Poodle | 61 | <0.0001 | 0.56 | 0.44 | 0.73 |
| Great Dane | 33 | 0.0001 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.75 |
| Miniature Schnauzer | 67 | <0.0001 | 0.53 | 0.41 | 0.67 |
| Standard Schnauzer | 89 | <0.0001 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.65 |
| Doberman Pinscher | 121 | <0.0001 | 0.49 | 0.41 | 0.58 |
| English Bulldog | 15 | 0.0023 | 0.48 | 0.29 | 0.80 |
| Golden Retriever | 303 | <0.0001 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.51 |
| Boston Terrier | 19 | <0.0001 | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.62 |
| Rhodesian Ridgeback | 9 | 0.0017 | 0.39 | 0.20 | 0.76 |
| Scottish Terrier | 25 | <0.0001 | 0.39 | 0.26 | 0.58 |
| American Pit Bull Terrier | 14 | <0.0001 | 0.27 | 0.16 | 0.47 |
| Maltese | 11 | <0.0001 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.49 |
| English Setter | 9 | <0.0001 | 0.26 | 0.13 | 0.50 |
| Jack Russell Terrier | 10 | <0.0001 | 0.23 | 0.12 | 0.43 |
| Giant Schnauzer | 2 | 0.0028 | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.72 |
| Boxer | 30 | <0.0001 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.16 |
| Shar-Pei | 5 | <0.0001 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.22 |
| Rottweiler | 15 | <0.0001 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.12 |
| Gordon Setter | 1 | <0.0001 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.42 |
| Site | Percent |
| Perineum | 86.08% |
| Tail | 6.74% |
| Multiple Sites | 3.63% |
| Abdomen | 2.63% |
| Back | 0.67% |
| Hindlimb | 0.11% |
| Head | 0.08% |
| Thorax | 0.04% |
| Forelimb | 0.02% |
