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NCI CANCERLIT® Search: Thyroid Cancer - May 2002
National Cancer Institute®
Last Modified: May 1, 2002
Table of Contents
1
UI - 11771049
AU - Dadas B; Uslu B; Cakir B; Ozdogan HC; Calis AB; Turgut S
TI -
Intraoperative management of the thyroid gland in laryngeal cancer
surgery.
SO - J Otolaryngol 2001 Jun;30(3):179-83
AD - Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sisli Etfal
Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if it is necessary to perform a
hemithyroidectomy routinely with all total laryngectomies or if it
should be reserved for selected cases. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis
of 215 cases who had been operated on due to laryngeal cancer in our
clinic between 1985 and 1999. SETTING: In only 182 cases,
hemithyroidectomy and isthmectomy were performed together with laryngeal
surgery. Of these, 98% were male. Their ages ranged between 42 and 70
years. The tumour was located in the supraglottic region in 93 (51%) and
in the glottic region in 24 (13%) cases. In 65 cases (36%), the tumour
was transglottic. Twenty cases of transglottic tumours (31%) and 3 cases
of glottic tumours (12.5%) were found to have subglottic extension.
METHODS: Total laryngectomy with unilateral or bilateral neck dissection
and hemithyroidectomy on the tumour side plus isthmectomy were performed
on all patients. On the pathologic specimens, subglottic extension was
measured anteriorly and posteriorly from the free edges of the vocal
cords. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and
examined under a light microscope. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: With glottic
and transglottic carcinomas, the need for thyroidectomy may be based on
the intraoperative assessment of the thyroid gland. In subglottic
carcinomas, a hemithyroidectomy should routinely be performed. There may
be no need to perform thyroidectomy in all total laryngectomy cases.
RESULTS: The thyroid gland was invaded by squamous cell carcinoma in
only 2 cases (1%). Both of these cases were transglottic tumours staged
as T3 and T4 and had a subglottic extension more than 1 cm. CONCLUSIONS:
We recommend routine hemithyroidectomy and isthmectomy during total
laryngectomy only in cases with subglottic extensions more than 1 cm or
thyroid cartilage invasion with tumour. In the other cases, assessment
of extralaryngeal invasion and thyroid gland invasion by the tumour will
determine whether thyroidectomy should be performed.
2
UI - 11865340
AU - Weber T; Amann K; Weckauf H; Lacroix J; Weitz J; Schonfuss T; Holting T;
TI -
Klar E; Herfarth C; von Knebel Doeberitz M
Detection of disseminated medullary thyroid carcinoma cells in cervical
lymph nodes by cytokeratin 20 reverse transcription-polymerase chain
reaction.
SO - World J Surg 2002 Feb;26(2):148-52
AD - Division of Molecular Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Surgery,
University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld110, 69120 Heidelberg,
Germany. theresia_weber@uni-heidelberg.de
Local recurrence in differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinoma
develops frequently from metastatic infiltration of cervical lymph
nodes. Despite an aggressive surgical approach, postoperative calcitonin
levels as biochemical evidence for residual cancer cells remain often
elevated in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. In the present
study, we compared the detection rates of disseminated medullary thyroid
carcinoma cells in cervical lymph nodes by histopathology with reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of
cytokeratin 20 (CK20) transcripts as a more sensitive but still specific
molecular parameter for residual thyroid cancer cells. Forty-two
cervical lymph nodes obtained from 7 patients with CK20positive
medullary thyroid carcinomas were cut into two halves, one used for
conventional histology, the other subjected to RNA extraction and
subsequent amplification of cytokeratin 20 transcripts. Matching results
for CK20 RT-PCR and histopathology were found in 74% (31/42)of the
examined lymph nodes (52% positive results, 48% negative results).
Positive CK20 RT-PCR pointed to residual thyroid carcinoma cells in
another 19% (8/42), in which no thyroid carcinoma cells were identified
by histopathology. Histology and immunohistochemistry,however,
identified tumor cells in 7% (3/42) of the analyzed lymph nodes, from
which no CK20 transcript could be amplified (false-negative results).
These data suggest that CK20 RT-PCR might be more sensitive to detect
nodal involvement of CK20 positive medullary thyroid carcinomas than
conventional histopathology. In combination with histology, it might
help to identify patients with residual disease after surgery.
3
UI - 11865341
AU - Mishra A; Mishra SK; Agarwal A; Das BK; Agarwal G; Gambhir S
TI -
Metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma: clinicopathological profile
and outcome in an iodine deficient area.
SO - World J Surg 2002 Feb;26(2):153-7
AD - Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute
of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, India 226014.
Reports on metastatic differentiated carcinoma in endemic goiter regions
are scarce. The aim of this study was to look into the
clinicopathological profile and outcome of patients with metastatic
differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) of endemic origin. This was a
retrospective study of 28 cases of metastatic DTC out of a total of 140
clinicopathological profile, operative and radioiodine ablation therapy
details, and follow-up findings were noted. The overall incidence of
distant metastases in our series was 20%. Mean age was 48.5 +/- 12.8
years (32.1%patients were < 45 years). Most metastases were detected
synchronously (85.7%) and were multiple, with the skeletal system being
the commonly affected site. Out of 22 cases having skeletal metastases,
6 patients were young (< 45 years). Though most patients with skeletal
metastases had follicular carcinoma (FTC), 4 cases had papillary thyroid
cancer (PTC). Near total or total thyroidectomy was done in 26 cases.
Sixteen patients required regional lymph node dissection. Resection of
metastases was performed in 9 cases.Histopathological diagnosis was PTC,
FTC, and poorly differentiated carcinoma in 32.1%, 50.0%, and 17.9% of
cases, respectively. Most patients had good symptomatic palliation
following administration of I131 therapy. In 17.9% of cases there were
locoregional recurrences. There was an overall 28.6% mortality. Two
patients expired in the perioperative period. Six others died in
follow-up (all within 3-9 months). In contrast to iodine sufficient
regions, the incidence of metastases was high; the majority of cases had
synchronous, symptomatic skeletal metastases. Skeletal metastases were
not infrequent even in cases of PTC and in young patients. One-third of
the cases were young. Though survival was poor despite aggressive
management, significant symptomatic palliation could be achieved in most
cases.
4
UI - 11223476
AU - Moppett J; Oakhill A; Duncan AW
TI -
Second malignancies in children: the usual suspects?
SO - Eur J Radiol 2001 Feb;37(2):95-108
AD - Department of Paediatric Oncology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Sick
Children, St. Michael's Hill, Bristol BS2 8BJ, UK.
The aim of this article is to provide an up to date review of second
malignant neoplasms (SMN's) following treatment for childhood cancer,
referring to their incidence, the role of genetic factors, and how the
primary malignancy and treatment received influence the type, site and
prognosis of SMN's. The role of genetic factors will be discussed as far
as they impact upon a predisposition to later development of SMN's. The
primary malignancies that have important associations with SMN's will
then be discussed, in particular Hodgkin's disease, retinoblastoma and
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The important second malignancies will be
highlighted, including tumours of the CNS and thyroid, osteosarcoma,
secondary acute myeloid leukaemia and melanoma. Emphasis will be put
upon identifying which patients are most likely to suffer from these
tumours. An important part of the article are case histories. These are
provided in combination with illustrations as a useful adjunct to the
text, with a particular emphasis on radiological features, diagnosis and
screening. Finally, the important but different roles of causal agents,
in particular chemotherapy and radiotherapy are highlighted.
5
UI - 11765046
AU - Rago T; Chiovato L; Aghini-Lombardi F; Grasso L; Pinchera A; Vitti P
TI -
Non-palpable thyroid nodules in a borderline iodine-sufficient area:
detection by ultrasonography and follow-up.
SO - J Endocrinol Invest 2001 Nov;24(10):770-6
AD - Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Italy.
Thyroid ultrasonography was performed in 482 subjects, free of known
thyroid disease and living in a borderline iodine-sufficient urban area,
to assess the prevalence of non-palpable thyroid nodules and evaluation
their evolute during a 3-yr follow-up. The mean (+/-SD) thyroid volume
in the whole study group was 10.9+/-3.7 ml and was higher in males
(12.9+/-3.6 ml) than in females (9.2+/-2.9 ml) (p<0.0001). Thyroid
volume was correlated with body surface, height and weight, while no
correlation was present with lean and fat body mass. Goiter was found in
5/256 females and in 13/226 males. Thyroid nodules were found in 27/482
subjects (18 females, 9 males). Single nodules were found in 17/464
subjects (3.66%) with a thyroid gland of normal volume and in 4/18
subjects (22.2%) with goiter (chi2=10.21; p=0.001). Multiple nodules
were found in 3/464 subjects (0.6%) with a thyroid of normal volume and
in 3/18 (16.6%) subjects with goiter (chi2=24.31; p<0.0001). The
prevalence of thyroid nodules was significantly higher in females >35 yr
than in those <34 yr (chi2=7.47; p=0.0062). A significant increase
(>30%) of nodular volume was found in 5 subjects, while an increased
number of nodules was found in 8. In conclusion, thyroid ultrasonography
reveals the presence of thyroid nodules in a significant proportion of
apparently thyroid disease-free subjects living in a borderline
iodine-sufficient urban area. Incidentally discovered thyroid nodules
are associated with goiter and are likely to progress in volume and
number.
6
UI - 11202090
AU - Vini L; Harmer C
TI -
Radioiodine treatment for differentiated thyroid cancer.
SO - Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2000;12(6):365-72
AD - Department of Clinical Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London, UK.
louizia.vini@rmh.nthames.nhs.uk
7
UI - 11554638
AU - Violet J; Nutting C; Plowman PN; Britton KE
TI -
123Imaging in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer.
SO - Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001;13(4):313-4
8
UI - 11554639
AU - Fenwick JD; Mallick UK; Perros P
TI -
123I imaging in the follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer.
SO - Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001;13(4):314
9
UI - 11917353
AU - Anonymous
TI -
[Therapy of thyroid cancer. Recombinant TSH]
SO - Nuklearmedizin 2002 Feb;41(1):N9-10
10
UI - 11940046
AU - Ouyang B; Knauf JA; Ain K; Nacev B; Fagin JA
TI -
Mechanisms of aneuploidy in thyroid cancer cell lines and tissues:
evidence for mitotic checkpoint dysfunction without mutations in BUB1
and BUBR1.
SO - Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002 Mar;56(3):341-50
AD - Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Cincinnati
College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0547, USA.
OBJECTIVE: Thyroid follicular adenomas (FA) and carcinomas (FC) have a
high prevalence of aneuploidy. We examined the contribution of mitotic
checkpoint dysfunction and mutations of BUB1 or BUBR1, components of the
spindle assembly checkpoint pathway, to chromosomal instability in
thyroid cancer. DESIGN: The integrity of the mitotic checkpoint was
studied in 8 aneuploid thyroid tumour cell lines. All cell lines as well
as 9 FA, 9 FC, and 1 aneuploid papillary carcinoma were screened for
mutations of BUB1 by SSCP and direct sequencing. Cell lines were also
examined for mutations of BUBR1. RESULTS: Neither FRO, NPA nor WRO cells
arrested in mitosis after treatment with nocodazole, whereas other
aneuploid cell lines paused appropriately following microtubule
disruption. One FC had a 2-bp somatic deletion (G2480/A2481) of BUB1
leading to a frameshift, and one FC had a silent polymorphism at
nucleotide 1049 (TGT-TGC). There was a silent polymorphism of BUBR1
(G1271A) in one sample. CONCLUSION: Some, but not all thyroid cancer
cell lines with aneuploidy have an abnormal mitotic checkpoint,
indicating that chromosomal instability may arise through alternative
cell cycle defects. Moreover, mutations of BUB1 or BUBR1 are infrequent
in follicular neoplasms, and do not account for aneuploidy in thyroid
cancer.
11
UI - 11940050
AU - Zettinig G; Fueger BJ; Passler C; Kaserer K; Pirich C; Dudczak R;
TI -
Niederle B
Long-term follow-up of patients with bone metastases from differentiated
thyroid carcinoma -- surgery or conventional therapy?
SO - Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002 Mar;56(3):377-82
AD - Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Vienna, Austria.
georg.zettinig@akh-wien.ac.at
OBJECTIVE: Surgery of bone metastases from differentiated thyroid
carcinoma seems indicated in individual patients. This study was
performed (1) to analyse retrospectively patients with bone metastases
from differentiated thyroid carcinoma and (2) to evaluate the impact of
surgery of bone metastases on survival. PATIENTS AND DESIGN: We analysed
41 consecutive patients with bone metastases from differentiated thyroid
carcinoma who had undergone thyroid surgery at Vienna University
Hospital since 1966. The median follow-up time was 12 years. There were
24 females and 17 males with a mean age of 60 +/- 12 years. Primary
tumour histology was follicular in 35 and papillary in six patients.
Radioiodine treatment was performed in 32 with a mean administered
activity of 27 +/- 24 GBq 131I. Metastases restricted to the skeleton
were found in 22 whereas in 19 individuals additional extraskeletal
distant metastases were seen. Twenty-seven patients had multiple bone
metastases. In 21 individuals, up to five bone metastases were
surgically removed with the intention of cure. RESULTS: Univariate
analysis identified total thyroidectomy (P = 0.003), lymph node surgery
(P = 0.001), radioiodine therapy (P = 0.036), and the absence of
extraskeletal distant metastases (P = 0.017) as significant predictors
of survival. Multivariate analysis failed to identify significant
prognostic factors. In the subgroup of patients with distant metastases
limited to the bones, univariate analysis identified, in addition to
thyroid and lymph node surgery, the surgical extirpation of the bone
metastases as a significant prognostic factor associated with improved
survival (P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that in
patients without additional extraskeletal distant metastases, the
radical surgical extirpation of bone metastases from differentiated
thyroid carcinoma might be associated with improved survival.
12
UI - 11859206
AU - Erickson LA; Jin L; Papotti M; Lloyd RV
TI -
Oxyphil parathyroid carcinomas: a clinicopathologic and
immunohistochemical study of 10 cases.
SO - Am J Surg Pathol 2002 Mar;26(3):344-9
AD - Department of Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
55905, USA.
Oxyphil parathyroid carcinomas are uncommon neoplasms, and the
clinicopathologic features of these tumors are largely unknown. We
evaluated the clinicopathologic features of oxyphil parathyroid
carcinomas and the expression of cytokeratin 14 (CK14), the
high-affinity glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4), as well as the cell cycle
proteins p27 and Ki67 and compared these with oxyphil parathyroid
adenomas and chief cell parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas.
Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissues from primary (n = 6)
and recurrent (n = 4) oxyphil carcinomas were analyzed and compared with
chief cell parathyroid carcinomas (n = 12), oxyphil parathyroid adenomas
(n = 38), and chief cell parathyroid adenomas (n = 17) by
immunohistochemistry for CK14, Glut-4, p27, and Ki67 using the
avidin-biotin peroxidase system. Patients with primary oxyphil and chief
cell carcinoma presented with high levels of serum calcium (n = 15.5 and
13.7 mg/dL, respectively). Approximately half the patients in each group
died of disease. The Ki67 labeling index was higher (4.9 vs 1.9) and the
p27 index lower (23 vs 66) in primary oxyphil carcinoma compared with
primary oxyphil adenomas. CK14 was expressed in most oxyphil adenomas
(35 of 38 cases) but not in oxyphil carcinomas (0 of 10 cases). Glut-4
was more commonly expressed in both groups of adenomas compared with
carcinomas. These results show that oxyphil parathyroid carcinomas are
functional malignancies similar to chief cell carcinomas and are
associated with hypercalcemia, recurrence, and death. Expression of CK14
is very different in oxyphil adenomas compared with carcinomas. Although
distinction between parathyroid adenomas and carcinomas can only be made
by histopathologic and clinical findings, these results suggest that
immunostaining for CK14, p27, and Ki67 may provide additional
information to help distinguish between difficult cases of parathyroid
adenomas and carcinomas. These findings also indicate that the same
histopathologic features should be used to diagnose oxyphil and chief
cell parathyroid carcinomas.
13
UI - 11938121
AU - Verger P; Hubert P; Bard D
TI -
[What epidemiologic surveillance after a radiation accident? Lessons
from Chernobyl]
SO - Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2002 Jan;50(1):93-103
AD - Observatoire Regional de la Sante PACA, 23 rue Stanislas Torrents, 13006
Marseille.
14
UI - 11943128
AU - Yamashita H; Watanabe S; Koike E; Ohshima A; Uchino S; Kuroki S; Tanaka
TI -
M; Noguchi S
Video-assisted thyroid lobectomy through a small wound in the
submandibular area.
SO - Am J Surg 2002 Mar;183(3):286-9
AD - Noguchi Thyroid Clinic and Hospital Foundation, 6-33 Noguchi-Nakamachi,
874-0932, Beppu Oita, Japan. yama@noguchi-med.or.jp
BACKGROUND: Endoscopic thyroidectomy has not gained wide acceptance
because of the expertise required, the long operation time, the wide
dissection, and the extra cost of specialized instruments. We developed
a video-assisted hemithyroidectomy procedure that requires only one
small incision at the upper neck. METHODS: Hemithyroidectomy was
performed through a 25 to 30 mm transverse incision made in the upper
lateral neck for the treatment of benign thyroid nodule. No gas or
external lift dissection was needed. RESULTS: The mean age of 39
patients was 33.8 years. The tumor size ranged from 1.9 to 5.5 cm (mean
3.1 cm). All patients underwent total lobectomy without conversion to
traditional cervicotomy. The mean operation time was 56 minutes (range
36 to 90). Follicular adenoma was the final pathologic diagnosis in 25
patients and adenomatous goiter in 14. Transient recurrent laryngeal
nerve palsy was seen in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our technique is safe,
minimally invasive, less time consuming, and cosmetically excellent.
15
UI - 11485606
AU - LiVolis VA
TI -
Thyroid papillary carcinoma in lateral neck cyst: missed primary tumour
or ectopic thyroid carcinoma within a branchial cyst?
SO - J Laryngol Otol 2001 Jul;115(7):614-5
16
UI - 11157996
AU - Shane E
TI -
Clinical review 122: Parathyroid carcinoma.
SO - J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Feb;86(2):485-93
AD - Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and
Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
17
UI - 11600598
AU - Yamamoto T; Matsumura A
TI -
Comment on "Clinical review 122: Parathyroid carcinoma".
SO - J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001 Oct;86(10):5091
18
UI - 11762710
AU - Lacroix L; Nocera M; Mian C; Caillou B; Virion A; Dupuy C; Filetti S;
TI -
Bidart JM; Schlumberger M
Expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
flavoprotein DUOX genes and proteins in human papillary and follicular
thyroid carcinomas.
SO - Thyroid 2001 Nov;11(11):1017-23
AD - Department of Clinical Biology, Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif,
France.
Duox2, and probably Duox1 are glycoflavoproteins involved in the thyroid
H2O2 generator functionally associated to thyroperoxidase (TPO). We
investigated both DUOX1 and DUOX2 gene expressions using quantitative
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 47 thyroid
carcinomas, including 10 paired normal/tumoral tissues. In carcinomas,
variations of DUOX1 and DUOX2 mRNA levels were parallel, indicating that
control mechanisms of both gene expressions operate in tumors as well as
in normal thyroid tissues; DUOX1 expression was in the normal range in
20, was decreased up to 50-fold in 8, and increased up to 7-fold in 19
samples. DUOX2 expression was in the normal range in 15, was decreased
up to 200-fold in 10, and increased up to 5-fold in 22 samples. In the
10 paired samples, variations of DUOX and TPO gene expressions were not
correlated. We analyzed Duoxl/2 protein expression in 86 tumor samples
using an antipeptide antiserum reacting with both Duox proteins. In
normal tissue, Duox proteins are localized at the apical pole of
thyrocytes, with 40% to 60% of thyrocytes being stained. In the 86
cancer tissues, immunostaining was absent in 19 samples, was low in 32,
and normal or even slightly increased in the other 35 samples. The
expression of Duox proteins was related to tumor differentiation, being
more frequently found in neoplastic tissues that were able to pick up
radioiodine, and in those with a detectable expression of sodium iodide
symporter (NIS), pendrin and TPO.
19
UI - 11762717
AU - Merhy J; Driscoll HK; Leidy JW; Chertow BS
TI -
Increasing incidence and characteristics of differentiated thyroid
cancer in Huntington, West Virginia.
SO - Thyroid 2001 Nov;11(11):1063-9
AD - Department of Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall
University and Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Huntington, West Virginia 25701, USA.
Since 1985, we have observed an increasing number of differentiated
thyroid cancer cases in Huntington, West Virginia. We describe tumor
incidence, patient and tumor characteristics, treatment modalities, and
tumor recurrence and death. One hundred seventeen patients with
differentiated thyroid cancer were identified between 1976 and 1999.
Data were collected from patient records in our practice and the tumor
registries at the three hospitals serving our community. The annual
incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer increased significantly from
fewer than 3 cases per 100,000 prior to 1996 to 9.4 cases per 100,000 in
1999. The median age at diagnosis was 49 years (range, 16-80). The
median tumor size was 2.5 cm (range, 1.2-10). Forty-seven percent of the
patients had bilateral disease, 28% had three or more tumors, 44% had
thyroid capsular invasion, and 16% had gross extrathyroid invasion at
surgery. Twenty-two percent had cervical lymph node involvement and 9%
had distant metastases at diagnosis. During 1-month to 23-year
follow-up, 11% had recurrence, and 5% died of thyroid cancer. In
summary, differentiated thyroid cancer has increased dramatically in our
community. The tumors appear to be aggressive at diagnosis as reflected
by the high percentage of tumors with bilateral, multicentric, and
locally invasive disease.
20
UI - 11762721
AU - Weisler SN
TI -
Utilization of thyrogen.
SO - Thyroid 2001 Nov;11(11):1083
21
UI - 11762722
AU - Sequeira MJ; Morgan JM; Fuhrer D; Wheeler MH; Jasani B; Ludgate M
TI -
Thyroid transcription factor-2 gene expression in benign and malignant
thyroid lesions.
SO - Thyroid 2001 Nov;11(11):995-1001
AD - Department of Medicine, University of Wales College of Medicine,
Cardiff, United Kingdom.
Thyroid transcription factor-2 (TTF-2) is a recently cloned
thyroid-specific gene and is central to the development and
differentiation of the thyroid follicular cell. Information regarding
transcript levels in normal and diseased adult human thyroids is
lacking. We have investigated TTF-2 gene expression in various thyroid
pathologies and assessed its potential in preoperative diagnosis of
thyroid nodular disease, which is a common clinical problem. We have
used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in
situ hybridization (ISH) and detected TTF-2 transcripts in 60% of 125
samples of adult human thyroids tested by RT-PCR (64% of 35) or ISH (59%
of 90). In normal thyroid tissues TTF-2 transcript levels are low, 18 of
36 were weakly positive and 18 of 36 negative when tested by ISH. In the
benign lesions, TTF-2 transcripts were detected either by RT-PCR or ISH
in 8 of 8 Graves disease; 3 of 7 Hashimoto's; 2 of 2 follicular
hyperplasia; 15 of 21 follicular adenoma; 11 of 13 multinodular goiters
and 0 of 1 hyalinizing trabecular adenoma. In the malignant thyroid
lesions, TTF-2 transcripts were detected in 8 of 18 follicular cancers;
0 of 2 anaplastic carcinoma, and 11 of 17 papillary cancers. Compared
with normal thyroids, transcripts were more abundant in 24% of thyroid
lesions tested by ISH. In conclusion, we report for the first time on
TTF-2 gene expression in normal and diseased adult human thyroids.
22
UI - 11903601
AU - Coli A; Bigotti G; Zucchetti F; Negro F; Massi G
TI -
Galectin-3, a marker of well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, is
expressed in thyroid nodules with cytological atypia.
SO - Histopathology 2002 Jan;40(1):80-7
AD - Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo F.
Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy.
AIMS: The distribution of galectin-3, a widely recognized marker of
well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma, was investigated in 95 thyroid
lesions including nodules with foci of cytoarchitectural atypia. METHODS
AND RESULTS: Twenty-eight papillary carcinomas, five follicular
carcinomas, one Hurthle cell carcinoma, three poorly differentiated
carcinomas, one anaplastic carcinoma, 25 nodular hyperplasias and 27
follicular adenomas, including nodules with atypical features, three
neoplasms of undetermined malignant potential and two thyroiditis cases
were examined. By immunohistochemistry, galectin-3 was consistently
found in carcinomas; otherwise benign nodules exhibited
galectin-3-positive clusters of cells with poorly developed features of
differentiated carcinoma (mainly of papillary type) such as nuclear
chromatin clearing, nuclear clefting, pseudoinclusions, which, in each
case, were not histologically sufficient to warrant a definitive
diagnosis of malignancy. In other nodules galectin-3 staining was
negative. The latter were either clearly benign or showed constantly a
minor degree of chromatin clearing and of other atypical features when
compared with galectin-3-positive cases. CONCLUSIONS: Galectin-3, a
reliable marker of differentiated thyroid carcinoma as confirmed in our
series of malignant neoplasms, appears expressed in nodules with an
overall benign appearance but with focal areas suspicious for
malignancy. The significance of such findings needs to be further
investigated.
23
UI - 11996789
AU - Hemmer S; Wasenius VM; Haglund C; Zhu Y; Knuutila S; Franssila K;
TI -
Joensuu H
Alterations in the suppressor gene PPP2R1B in parathyroid hyperplasias
and adenomas.
SO - Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2002 Apr 1;134(1):13-7
AD - Department of Oncology, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 180, FIN-00029 HUS,
Helsinki, Finland.
Deletion of chromosome 11q23 is a common alteration in parathyroid
adenomas and hyperplasias. A new potential suppressor gene PPP2R1B
encoding the beta isoform of the A subunit of the serine/threorine
protein phosphatase 2A was recently identified and localized to
chromosome 11q23. We performed polymerase chain reaction-based
single-strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing on six
parathyroid hyperplasias and 12 adenomas to evaluate the role of PPP2R1B
in the pathogenesis of parathyroid lesions. A previously identified
germline G-A transition (GGC-GAC) in codon 90, changing glycine (Gly) to
aspartic acid (Asp), was detected in one adenoma. Both the common Gly
allele and the variant Asp allele were detected by direct sequencing in
the patient's somatic cells. We conclude mutations of PPP2R1B are not
frequent in parathyroid lesions, and that other genes located at 11q23
may be more closely associated with pathogenesis of parathyroid
hyperplasia and adenoma.
24
UI - 11130016
AU - Kondi-Pafiti A; Smyrniotis V; Frangou M; Papayanopoulou A; Englezou M;
TI -
Deligeorgi H
Immunohistochemical study of ceruloplasmin, lactoferrin and secretory
component expression in neoplastic and non-neoplastic thyroid gland
diseases.
SO - Acta Oncol 2000;39(6):753-6
AD - Department of Pathology, Athens University, School of Medicine, Areteion
Hospital, Greece.
The expression of lactoferrin (LF), ceruloplasmin (CP) and secretory
component (SC) in various thyroid diseases was investigated using an
immunohistochemical method. LF is an iron-binding protein overexpressed
in certain human adenocarcinomas. CP is implicated in carcinogenesis and
SC is part of the local immune defense system. Sections of 15 follicular
adenomas, 5 follicular carcinomas (FC), 16 papillary carcinomas (PC), 15
goitres and 2 cases of lymphocytic thyroiditis were re-examined and
investigated immunohistologically by a streptavidin-biotin method. A
positive immunostain reaction for CP and LF was observed in all cases of
PC and FC. A positive immunostain reaction for SC was observed in 13/16
cases of PC and 4/5 cases of FC. A negative immunostain reaction for CP,
LF and SC was observed in medullary cancers, in follicular adenomas and
in the cases with goitre. We conclude that the immunostain expression of
LF, CP and SC is a valuable diagnostic aid in the differential diagnosis
between benign and malignant thyroid tumors. The expression of SC
indicates the presence of a local immunodefensive system.
25
UI - 11859989
AU - Tuccari G; Barresi G
TI -
Comments to the article 'Immunohistochemical study of ceruloplasmin,
lactoferrin and secretory component expression in neoplastic and
nonneoplastic thyroid gland diseases' by A. Kondi-Pafiti et al. in Acta
Oncologica 2000; 39 (6) 753-6.
SO - Acta Oncol 2001;40(7):875-6
26
UI - 11937995
AU - Michels JJ; Delcambre C; Marnay J; Denoux Y; Peny AM; Chasle J
TI -
[Primary thyroid lymphomas: clinicopathologic study of 30 cases and
review of the literature]
SO - Ann Pathol 2002 Feb;22(1):10-7
AD - Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Centre Francois Baclesse, 14076 Caen
Cedex, France.
During a both retrospective and prospective study of thyroid cancers
treated in the Basse Normandie between 1960 and 1999, we have identified
32 patients with thyroid lymphoma. The correct diagnosis was made
initially in 69% of all cases. In the other cases, the diagnosis was
secondarily corrected after review of the pathological material.
According to the REAL classification, 7 (21%) corresponded to low grade
MALT lymphomas, 2 to low grade lymphomas, 10 to high grade MALT
Lymphomas and 10 (31%) to high grade lymphomas, one plasmocytoma and two
unclassified lymphomas. According to the Ann Arbor classification, stage
was IE for 56%, IIE for 19%, IIIE for 3% and 9% for IV. Median survival
was 28 months with a mean at 61 months. 20 patients died (62%), 12 from
the lymphoma and 8 from intercurrent causes. The overall survival at 5
years was 36% (9 5% CI 16 54%). A comparison of our results with those
of the literature was performed.
27
UI - 11950855
AU - Lesueur F; Corbex M; McKay JD; Lima J; Soares P; Griseri P; Burgess J;
TI -
Ceccherini I; Landolfi S; Papotti M; Amorim A; Goldgar DE; Romeo G
Specific haplotypes of the RET proto-oncogene are over-represented in
patients with sporadic papillary thyroid carcinoma.
SO - J Med Genet 2002 Apr;39(4):260-5
AD - International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), which may be sporadic
(95%) or familial (5%), has a prevalence adjusted for age in the general
population of 1:100 000. Somatic rearrangements of the RET
proto-oncogene are present in up to 66% of sporadic tumours, while they
are rarely found in familial cases. PURPOSE: In order to determine if
some variants of this gene, or a combination of them, might predispose
to PTC, we looked for an association of RET haplotype(s) in PTC cases
and in controls from four countries matched for sex, age, and
population. METHODS: Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across
the RET coding sequence were typed and haplotype frequencies were
estimated. Genotype and haplotype distributions were compared among
these cases and controls. RESULTS: Ten haplotypes were observed, the
seven most frequent of which have been previously described in sporadic
Hirschsprung patients and controls. The single locus analyses suggested
association of exon 2 and exon 13 SNPs with sporadic PTC. The haplotype
analysis showed over-representation of one haplotype in French and
Italian sporadic PTC, whereas a different haplotype was significantly
under-represented in French familial PTC. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest
that some variants of RET and some specific haplotypes may act as low
penetrance alleles in the predisposition to PTC.
28
UI - 11916545
AU - Rubino C; Cailleux AF; De Vathaire F; Schlumberger M
TI -
Thyroid cancer after radiation exposure.
SO - Eur J Cancer 2002 Mar;38(5):645-7
AD - INSERM U 521 and Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Tumors,
Institut Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France.
29
UI - 11993691
AU - Baloch ZW; LiVolsi VA
TI -
Neuroendocrine tumors of the thyroid gland.
SO - Am J Clin Pathol 2001 Jun;115 Suppl():S56-67
AD - Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
The neuroendocrine lesions of the thyroid are few in number and include
C-cell lesions (C-cell hyperplasia and medullary carcinoma), mixed
C-cell and follicular-derived tumors, paraganglioma, intrathyroidal
parathyroid adenoma, and metastasis to the thyroid from neuroendocrine
carcinoma arising elsewhere. However, some follicular-derived lesions of
the thyroid can show trabecular and nesting growth patterns
characteristic of neuroendocrine tumors. These lesions should also be
included in the differential diagnosis of primary and secondary
neuroendocrine tumors of the thyroid.
30
UI - 11914930
AU - Hubbard JG; Sebag F; Maweja S; Henry JF
TI -
Primary hyperparathyroidism in MEN 1--how radical should surgery be?
SO - Langenbecks Arch Surg 2002 Mar;386(8):553-7
AD - Department of Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital La Timone,
Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseilles Cedex 5, France.
Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common manifestation of MEN 1
syndrome. The management of these patients is complex due to the
underlying disease process, which predisposes patients to persistent and
recurrent disease. The surgical treatment of patients with MEN 1 and
hyperparathyroidism can therefore be considered to be palliative in
nature. The basic principles of surgery include (1) obtaining and
maintaining normocalcaemia for the longest time possible, avoiding
persistent/recurrent hypercalcaemia, (2) avoiding surgically induced
hypocalcaemia, and (3) facilitating future surgery for recurrent
disease. Two approaches have been described as the best practice for
patients with hyperparathyroidism in MEN 1: subtotal parathyroidectomy,
leaving a remnant of no more than 60 mg in the neck, and total
parathyroidectomy with immediate autotransplantation of 10-20 1 mm(3)
pieces of parathyroid tissue. Both approaches should be combined with
efforts to exclude supernumerary glands and ectopic parathyroid tissue
by including resection of fatty tissue from the central neck compartment
and thymectomy in all patients. Cryopreservation of parathyroid tissue
should be performed whenever facilities are available. In patients with
persistent or recurrent disease, an attempt to obtain total elimination
of cervical parathyroid tissue is justified, combined with
cryopreservation of parathyroid tissue. As radical as surgery is for
hyperparathyroidism in MEN 1, the surgeon must take steps to avoid
permanent hypoparathyroidism, which in young patients may be worse than
the disease itself.
31
UI - 11989299
AU - Biermann M; Schober O; Multizentrische Studie Differenziertes
TI -
Schilddrusenkarzinom Studiengruppe
[How many high-risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer need a
"Tumor Center" per year?]
SO - Nuklearmedizin 2002 Apr;41(2):61-2
32
UI - 11976226
AU - Kendall-Taylor P
TI -
Managing differentiated thyroid cancer.
SO - BMJ 2002 Apr 27;324(7344):988-9
33
UI - 12001695
AU - Korem S; Kraiem Z; Shiloni E; Yehezkel O; Sadeh O; Resnick MB
TI -
Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2: a diagnostic marker
but not prognostic marker of papillary thyroid carcinoma.
SO - Isr Med Assoc J 2002 Apr;4(4):247-51
AD - Endocrine Research Unit, Carmel Medical Center and Rappaport Faculty of
Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
BACKGROUND: Matrix metalloproteinases are proteolytic enzymes that
degrade extracellular matrix components. Numerous studies have
demonstrated that individual MMPs play a crucial role in tumor invasion
and metastasis. OBJECTIVE: To examine the expression of MMPs and their
inhibitor TIMP-2 in neoplastic and normal thyroid tissues. METHODS: We
examined 33 cases of thyroid tumor (papillary, follicular and medullary
carcinoma, follicular adenoma and multinodular goiter). MMP protein
content and activity were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
and gel zymography. Immunohistochemistry was also performed. RESULTS:
The thyroid tissues examined secreted MMP-2 and 9 as well as TIMP-2, but
only MMP-2 was significantly higher in papillary carcinoma cases
compared to the adjacent normal tissue or to the other tumor entities.
Increased MMP-2 immunohistochemical staining was demonstrated in the
neoplastic papillary epithelial component. No significant difference was
seen between papillary carcinomas with lymph node metastases and those
without. CONCLUSIONS: Increased MMP-2 expression may be useful as a
diagnostic marker to differentiate papillary carcinoma from other
thyroid neoplasms, but it cannot serve as a useful prognostic marker.
34
UI - 12001703
AU - Sela BA
TI -
Matrix metalloproteinases: promoters of tumor progression and
invasiveness.
SO - Isr Med Assoc J 2002 Apr;4(4):280-2
35
UI - 11716041
AU - Frasoldati A; Flora M; Pesenti M; Caroggio A; Valcavil R
TI -
Computer-assisted cell morphometry and ploidy analysis in the assessment
of thyroid follicular neoplasms.
SO - Thyroid 2001 Oct;11(10):941-6
AD - Unita Operativa di Endocrinologia, Centro Interdipartimentale per le
Malattie della Tiroide, Azienda Ospedaliera di Reggio Emilia,
Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova-Reggio Emilia, Italy.
Conventional cytology cannot discriminate between benign and malignant
follicular neoplasms. Our study evaluated the diagnostic role of
computer-assisted image analysis in the presurgical assessment of
thyroid follicular neoplasms. Fifty-eight patients (14 males, 44
females, age range, 45-75 years) who underwent surgery for cytologic
diagnosis of thyroid follicular neoplasm were studied. All patients were
first evaluated on clinical grounds and assigned a high/low suspicion of
malignancy on the basis of gender, age, and nodule size. Cell image
analysis was subsequently performed using a Cytometrica BYK Gulden
microscope image processor on Feulgen-stained thyroid cytologic smears.
A different population of 50 benign and 50 malignant, histologically
evaluated nodules was studied in order to establish image analysis
criteria suggestive of thyroid malignancy. Ploidy histogram,
proliferation index (PI), nuclear area coefficient of variation (NACV),
and anisocariosis ratio (AR) were studied. Thyroid cancer was diagnosed
in 16 of 58 follicular neoplasms. Only 7 of these lesions were
clinically suspicious (43.7%), whereas 14 of 16 (87.5%) malignant tumors
were identified by image analysis. Positive and negative predictive
values of image analysis versus clinical evaluation were 46.6% versus
30.4% and 92.8% versus 74.3%, respectively. The distribution of ploidy
pattern was different in benign versus malignant follicular neoplasms
(chi2 8.25, p = 0.016), malignant lesions showing an increased frequency
of heteroclonal aneuploid DNA content (37.5% vs. 7.1%). Increased PI
(mean +/- standard deviation (SD) = 11.3 +/- 5.7 vs. 7.1 +/- 6.1; p <
0.01) and NACV (mean +/- SD = 25.28 +/- 1.89 vs. 20.14 0.91; p < 0.01)
levels were also observed in malignant follicular neoplasms. In
conclusion, computer-assisted image analysis may profitably support
clinical evaluation in the assessment of thyroid follicular neoplasms.
36
UI - 11716043
AU - Voutilainen PE; Multanen MM; Leppaniemi AK; Haglund CH; Haapiainen RK;
TI -
Franssila KO
Prognosis after lymph node recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma
depends on age.
SO - Thyroid 2001 Oct;11(10):953-7
AD - Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland.
petri.voutilainen@kolumbus.fi
Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a malignancy that has good
prognosis especially among patients up to 45 years of age; about half of
the patients are female and of childbearing age. Lymph node recurrence
(LNR) occurs in 10%-14% of patients but is considered to be associated
with relatively good prognosis. The purpose of this study was to
estimate the association between patient age at primary operation, and
the behavior of the disease after LNR. Between 1967 and 1994, 495
patients underwent surgery for primary PTC at the Department of Surgery,
Helsinki University Central Hospital. There were 391 (79.0%) women and
104 (21.0%) men with a mean age of 44.5 years (range, 10.8-85.4 years).
Fifty-eight patients in whom LNR was the first clinical sign of
persistent disease after complete clinical response to primary treatment
were included in this series. At the time of primary operation, 37
(64.3%) of the 58 patients who developed LNR were younger than 45 years
of age and 21 patients were older. The mean times to LNR in these groups
were 42.0 months (range, 3.0-194.5 months) and 49.0 months (range,
3.6-209.0 months) respectively. Carcinoma-specific 5-year survival after
LNR was 100% (95% confidence interval [CI] 88.8%-100.0%) in patients
ages up to 45 years and 61.1% (40.5%-82.8%) in older patients; 10-year
survival rates were 100%, and 41.3% (p < 0.0001), respectively. Relative
survival at 10 years was 98.6% for patients ages up to 45 years and
42.6% for older patients (p = 0.0014). Using the Cox model it was shown
that development of LNR after primary treatment has an independent
highly significant negative effect on survival (p < 0.001) in patients
over 45 years of age. Prognosis of PTC even after LNR on patients ages
up to 45 years at the time of the primary operation is almost parallel
to the normal reference population, but in patients over 45 years of age
the prognosis is relatively poor.
37
UI - 11716046
AU - Tangpricha V; Chen BJ; Swan NC; Sweeney AT; de las Morenas A; Safer JD
TI -
Twenty-one-gauge needles provide more cellular samples tha
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