- Cancer Types
Information about risk, prevention, screening, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and support for all cancers Cancer A to Z - Cancer Treatment
Cancer Treatment
Information about cancer treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, clinical trials, proton therapy, complementary medicine, and cutting edge technologies.
- Risk and Prevention
- Cancer Drugs
- Support
Support
Ways for cancer patients and caregivers to cope with cancer, side effects, nutrition, general cancer support issues, grief/end of life issues, and shared survivor's experiences.
- Healthcare Professionals
- Clinical Trials
My Patient Treatment Binder
OncoLink Blogs
What's My Cancer Risk?
OncoPilot: Navigating Your Cancer Journey
Community Events Calendar
OncoLink eNews
Abramson Cancer CenterNCI CANCERLIT® Search: Screening and Prevention of Breast Cancer - July 2002
National Cancer Institute®
Last Modified: July 1, 2002
- Cultural basis for differences between US and French clinical recommendations for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian
- 14 years of follow-up from the Edinburgh randomised trial of breast-cancer screening.
- Risk-reduction mastectomy: clinical issues and research needs.
- Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
- Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
- Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
- Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
- Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
- Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
- Re: risk-reduction mastectomy: clinical issues and research needs.
- Screening behaviors among African American women at high risk for breast cancer: do beliefs about god matter?
- The influence of social support on breast cancer screening in a multicultural community sample.
- c-erbB-2 in breast cancer: development of a clinically useful marker.
- [Should estrogen replacement therapy be questioned?]
- [Can serum estradiol predict the effect of raloxifene on breast cancer risk?]
- The effects of mailed reminders and tailored messages on mammography screening.
- Cancer prevention and early detection.
- Factors affecting genetic testing and decisions about prophylactic surgery.
- Aromatase inhibitors for the endocrine adjuvant treatment of breast cancer.
- Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast
- Making good decisions about breast cancer chemoprevention.
- Summaries for patients. Using medication to prevent breast cancer: recommendations from the United States Preventive Services Task Force.
- Epidemiology of breast cancer in Korea: occurrence, high-risk groups, and prevention.
- Breast exams: not for women only.
- A current perspective on genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer: the oral contraceptive decision.
- Cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities of pterostilbene, a naturally occurring analogue of resveratrol.
- The benefits and ethics of screening for breast cancer.
- Safety issues of soy phytoestrogens in breast cancer patients.
- 14. Breast cancer prevention.
- Chemoprevention of breast cancer: recommendations and rationale.
- Chemoprevention of breast cancer: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.
- African-American women's perceptions of mammography screening.
- Mammography: consensus in sight?
- Prevention and treatment of breast cancer by suppressing aromatase activity and expression.
- Effects of weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention: role of endogenous hormone metabolism.
- The Mediet Project.
- Mammography screening.
- Caffeine, cajoling, and other strategies to maximize clinician survey response rates.
- IOM says: X-ray mammography remains the gold standard in breast cancer screening technology.
- Disparities in mammography screening in rural areas: analysis of county differences in North Carolina.
- Mammographic screening of TRAM flap breast reconstructions for detection of nonpalpable recurrent cancer.
- [Clinical results of specialized prophylactic mammography screenings of industrial workers]
- Population screening for cancer-related germline gene mutations.
- USPSTF releases guidelines on breast-cancer chemoprevention.
- Routine mammography screening increases except among minorities and the elderly.
- Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized
- Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention.
- Recruitment of women to clinical trials.
- The need for a multidisciplinary approach to cancer care.
- [Dietary prevention of carcinomas of the breast and prostate: fundamental and practical aspects of the Nutritional Cancer Prevention
- Statistical issues of quality control in organised breast cancer screening.
- Impact of a multimedia breast cancer education intervention on use of mammography by low-income Latinas.
- Equity in prevention and health care.
- Raloxifene for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer?
- Effect of fenretinide on ovarian carcinoma occurrence.
- Mammography is a case study in the economics of radiology.
- Breast cancer. Are we failing the screen test?
- Breast and cervical carcinoma screening practices among women in rural and nonrural areas of the United States, 1998-1999.
- The meaning of mammographic breast density in users of postmenopausal hormone therapy.
- Using peer volunteers to promote mammography education in senior citizens' housing facilities.
Table of Contents
1
UI - 10094000
AU - Eisinger F; Geller G; Burke W; Holtzman NA
TI -
Cultural basis for differences between US and French clinical
recommendations for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian
cancer.
SO - Lancet 1999 Mar 13;353(9156):919-20
AD - Department of Cancer Control and INSERM CRI 9703, Paoli-Calmettes
Institute, Marseille, France.
2
UI - 10371567
AU - Alexander FE; Anderson TJ; Brown HK; Forrest AP; Hepburn W; Kirkpatrick
TI -
AE; Muir BB; Prescott RJ; Smith A
14 years of follow-up from the Edinburgh randomised trial of
breast-cancer screening.
SO - Lancet 1999 Jun 5;353(9168):1903-8
AD - Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK.
freda.alexander@ed.ac.uk
BACKGROUND: The Edinburgh randomised trial of breast-cancer screening
recruited women aged 45-64 years from 1978 to 1981 (cohort 1), and those
aged 45-49 years during 1982-85 (cohorts 2 and 3). Results based on 14
years of follow-up and 270,000 woman-years of observation are reported.
METHODS: Breast-cancer mortality rates in the intervention group (28,628
women offered screening) were compared with those in the control group
(26,026) with adjustment for socioeconomic status (SES) of general
medical practices. Rate ratios were derived by means of logistic
regression for the total trial population and for women first offered
screening while younger than 50 years. Analyses were by intention to
treat. FINDINGS: Initial unadjusted results showed a difference of just
13% in breast-cancer mortality rates between the intervention and
control groups (156 deaths [5.18 per 10,000] vs 167 [6.04 per 10,000];
rate ratio 0.87 [95% CI 0.70-1.06]), but the results were influenced by
differences in SES by trial group. After adjustment for SES, the rate
ratio was 0.79 (95% CI 0.60-1.02). When deaths after diagnosis more than
3 years after the end of the study were censored the rate ratio became
0.71 (0.53-0.95). There was no evidence of heterogeneity by age at entry
and no evidence that younger entrants had smaller or delayed benefit
(rate ratio 0.70 [0.41-1.20]). No breast-cancer mortality benefit was
observed for women whose breast cancers were diagnosed when they were
younger than 50 years. Other-cause mortality rates did not differ by
trial group when adjusted for SES. INTERPRETATION: Our findings confirm
results from randomised trials in Sweden and the USA that screening for
breast cancer lowers breast-cancer mortality. Similar results are
reported by the UK geographical comparison, UK Trial of Early Detection
of Breast Cancer. The results for younger women suggest benefit from
introduction of screening before 50 years of age.
3
UI - 11535704
AU - Stefanek M; Hartmann L; Nelson W
TI -
Risk-reduction mastectomy: clinical issues and research needs.
SO - J Natl Cancer Inst 2001 Sep 5;93(17):1297-306
AD - Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population
Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA. ms496r@nih.gov
Risk-reduction mastectomy (RRM), also known as bilateral prophylactic
mastectomy, is a controversial clinical option for women who are at
increased risk of breast cancer. High-risk women, including women with a
strong family history of breast cancer and BRCA1/2 mutation carriers,
have several clinical options: risk-reduction surgery (bilateral
mastectomy and bilateral oophorectomy), surveillance (mammography,
clinical breast examination, and breast self-examination), and
chemoprevention (tamoxifen). We review research in a number of areas
central to our understanding of RRM, including recent data on 1) the
effectiveness of RRM in reducing breast cancer risk, 2) the perception
of RRM among women at increased risk and health-care providers, 3) the
decision-making process for follow-up care of women at high risk, and 4)
satisfaction and psychological status after surgery. We suggest areas of
future research to better guide high-risk women and their health-care
providers in the decision-making process.
4
UI - 11784651
AU - Miller AB
TI -
Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
SO - Lancet 2001 Dec 22-29;358(9299):2164; discussion 2167-8
5
UI - 11784653
AU - Thornton H
TI -
Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
SO - Lancet 2001 Dec 22-29;358(9299):2165; discussion 2167-8
6
UI - 11784654
AU - Senn S
TI -
Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
SO - Lancet 2001 Dec 22-29;358(9299):2165; discussion 2167-8
7
UI - 11784657
AU - Dixon-Woods M; Baum M; Kurinczuk JJ
TI -
Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
SO - Lancet 2001 Dec 22-29;358(9299):2166-7; discussion 2167-8
8
UI - 11784655
AU - Duffy SW; Tabar L; Smith RA
TI -
Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
SO - Lancet 2001 Dec 22-29;358(9299):2166; discussion 2167-8
9
UI - 11784656
AU - Vaidya JS
TI -
Screening for breast cancer with mammography.
SO - Lancet 2001 Dec 22-29;358(9299):2166; discussion 2167-8
10
UI - 11854394
AU - Evans DG; Howell A; Baildam A; Brain A; Lalloo F; Hopwood P
TI -
Re: risk-reduction mastectomy: clinical issues and research needs.
SO - J Natl Cancer Inst 2002 Feb 20;94(4):307-8
11
UI - 12058158
AU - Kinney AY; Emery G; Dudley WN; Croyle RT
TI -
Screening behaviors among African American women at high risk for breast
cancer: do beliefs about god matter?
SO - Oncol Nurs Forum 2002 Jun;29(5):835-43
AD - College of Nursing, The Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT, USA. anita.kinney@nurs.utah.edu
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between beliefs about
God as a controlling force in health and adherence to breast cancer
screening among high-risk African American women. DESIGN:
Cross-sectional cohort. SETTING: In-person interviews in rural,
southeastern Louisiana and telephone interviews conducted at the
University of Utah. SAMPLE: 52 females who were members of a large
kindred with a BRCA1 mutation; no subjects had breast cancer. METHODS:
Survey through in-person or telephone interviews. MAIN RESEARCH
VARIABLES: Belief in God as a controlling agent over health measured by
the God Locus of Health Control (GLHC) scale; screening behaviors
measured by self-report. Adherence was based on consensus-approved
recommendations for BRCA1 carriers or women at risk of being carriers.
FINDINGS: Bivariate analysis indicated that presence of a primary care
provider and low GLHC scores were associated with seeking clinical
breast examination (CBE) and mammography. With the variable "presence of
a primary care provider" excluded, GLHC scores were inversely associated
with seeking CBE and mammography. CONCLUSIONS: African American women at
increased risk for breast cancer and with high GLHC scores may have a
decreased inclination to adhere to CBE and mammography recommendations.
IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Assessing religious and spiritual beliefs and
incorporating belief systems into education and counseling sessions may
improve understanding and acceptance of presented material.
12
UI - 12058159
AU - Katapodi MC; Facione NC; Miaskowski C; Dodd MJ; Waters C
TI -
The influence of social support on breast cancer screening in a
multicultural community sample.
SO - Oncol Nurs Forum 2002 Jun;29(5):845-52
AD - Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San
Francisco, CA, USA. mkatapo@itsa.ucsf.edu
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between women's reported
social support and their adherence to recommended breast cancer
screening guidelines. DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional survey.
SETTING: Community women's organizations throughout the San Francisco
Bay Area. SAMPLE: 833 mostly low-income women with a mean age of 46.2
years from three racial or ethnic groups (i.e., Latina, Caucasian, and
African American) who were not breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Social
support was measured with a five-item, four-point, Likert scale
developed for the study (Cronbach's alpha = 0.7248). Adherence to
screening guidelines was measured by asking frequency of performing
breast self-examination (BSE) and frequency of obtaining a clinical
breast examination (CBE) and a mammogram. Research assistants and
leaders of women's organizations conducted the survey in work and
community settings. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES: Social support, performance
of BSE, obtaining a CBE and a mammogram, income, education, spoken
language, and level of acculturation. FINDINGS: Higher levels of social
support were related to higher income and higher education. Lower levels
of social support were associated with being Latina, completing the
survey in Spanish, and being born abroad. Women who did not adhere to
screening guidelines (for BSE or CBE) reported less social support.
CONCLUSIONS: Social support is associated with adherence to breast
cancer screening guidelines. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Nurses should
assess women's levels of social support as a factor when evaluating
adherence to breast cancer screening guidelines.
13
UI - 12063676
AU - Hayes DF; Thor AD
TI -
c-erbB-2 in breast cancer: development of a clinically useful marker.
SO - Semin Oncol 2002 Jun;29(3):231-45
AD - University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of
Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
c-erbB-2 amplification and/or overexpression occurs in 20% to 30% of
breast cancers and appear to be associated with a more aggressive
phenotype. Detecting abnormalities in c-erbB-2 might provide important
clinical information for breast cancer patients. However, several of the
potential clinical uses of c-erbB-2 remain unproven. Many variables
influence c-erbB-2 results, including selection and characteristics of
test populations and methods of analysis. Current literature suggests
two roles for c-erbB-2, either as a pure prognostic factor with no
association with therapy or as a factor predictive of benefit from
specific types of systemic treatments. c-erbB-2 appears to be only a
weak prognostic factor, although some individual studies suggest greater
prognostic importance. c-erbB-2 abnormalities appear to predict for
relative, but not absolute, resistance to endocrine therapy in estrogen
receptor (ER)-positive women. When adjuvant chemotherapy is indicated,
some studies have indicated that patients with c-erbB-2-positive cancers
(by immunohistochemistry [IHC] or fluoresence in situ hybridization
[FISH]) receive more benefit from anthracycline-containing regimens as
compared to alkylating agents. c-erbB-2 testing appears critical for
selecting patients with metastatic disease who should receive the
anti-c-erbB-2 antibody, trastuzumab. Prospective randomized clinical
trials of trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy are underway. Well-designed,
prospective, randomized clinical trials (designed to test the value of
c-erbB-2) or formal meta-analyses will help to better establish the
predictive role of c-erbB-2 in breast cancer. Copyright 2002, Elsevier
Science (USA). All rights reserved.
14
UI - 12001440
AU - Tiitinen A
TI -
[Should estrogen replacement therapy be questioned?]
SO - Duodecim 2000;116(16):1669-71
15
UI - 12082787
AU - von Schoultz E
TI -
[Can serum estradiol predict the effect of raloxifene on breast cancer
risk?]
SO - Lakartidningen 2002 May 2;99(18):2068
AD - Brostenheten, Radiumhemmet, Karolinska sjukhuset, Stockholm.
eva.von.schoultz@ks.se
16
UI - 12027268
AU - McCaul KD; Wold KS
TI -
The effects of mailed reminders and tailored messages on mammography
screening.
SO - J Community Health 2002 Jun;27(3):181-90
AD - University of Colorado Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Prevention and
Control, USA.
A mail campaign to promote mammography screening was tested with 3,887
Medicare recipients in North Dakota who had not had a mammogram in 2 1/2
years. Three types of mailings were compared: (1) a simple reminder
message, (2) a reminder accompanied by a persuasive communication
emphasizing personal risk, and (3) a reminder accompanied by a message
tailored to the participants' chief barrier to having a mammogram.
Overall, subsequent mammography rates for women in these conditions did
not differ from the rate observed among women who did not receive any
mailing. However, post-hoc analyses suggested that women who reported a
barrier to having a mammogram were more likely to have a mammogram.
Population-wide mail campaigns of the kinds tested here may be generally
ineffective for Medicare recipients who are obtaining screenings
infrequently. Tailoring messages may be one potentially effective
intervention, if investigators can develop ways to increase responses to
inquiries about barriers.
17
UI - 11899367
AU - Mahon SM
TI -
Cancer prevention and early detection.
SO - Clin J Oncol Nurs 2001 May-Jun;5(3):105-7
AD - mahonsm@slu.edu
Advances in the area of cancer prevention and early detection are being
made constantly. Basic epidemiologic research continues to provide
insight into the impact of carcinogen exposure and the development of
cancer. It is exciting to note that the study of Tamoxifen and
Raloxifene chemoprevention trial is successfully recruiting women,
including minority women, to participate. This large chemoprevention
trial is providing much insight into how to recruit and retain women to
take a chemoprevention agent to ultimately prevent the development of
cancer. Advances also are being made in the knowledge base of how to
best detect cancer in asymptomatic people. The best screening tool
recommendation for the early detection of colorectal cancer remains
controversial. Screening for colorectal cancer, however, is the only way
to ultimately decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with the
disease. Oncology nurses need to accurately risk for colorectal cancer
and provide patients with the necessary information to make an informed
choice about the most appropriate screening for their situation.
Oncology nurses need to be familiar with new research and advances in
cancer prevention and early detection so they can share information with
patients and their families.
18
UI - 11899370
AU - Mahon SM
TI -
Factors affecting genetic testing and decisions about prophylactic
surgery.
SO - Clin J Oncol Nurs 2001 May-Jun;5(3):117-20
AD - St. Louis University, Division of Hematology/Oncology, St. Louis, MO,
USA.
Both of the articles reviewed here as well as the references, suggest
that very little is actually known about the impact of many aspects of
genetic testing. How decision are made about genetic testing in people
who do not have cancer, how the results of testing are used used to
guide care, and ultimately how people adjust to prophylactic surgery,
which is the most effective form of prevention currently available to
those who do have a mutation are not completely clear. This has many
implications for practice in general. Oncology nurses who build
relationships with those diagnosed with cancer and their families may be
one of the best groups of professionals to provide the education and
counseling individuals and families need prior to making any decision
about genetic testing. Just as many responses to cancer exist, so do
many responses to finding out the results of mutation status. Oncology
nurses are challenged to help facilitate adjustment to learning that one
carries a mutation that significantly increases risk of developing
cancer. More nursing research needs to be conducted on how to facilitate
this adjustment. Dealing with the unknown can be a frightening
experience. Little is known about the long-term effectiveness of
prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy in unaffected mutation-positive
individuals. Most of what is known is based on retrospective review.
Nurses are challenged to interpret this information, along with its
inherent strengths and weaknesses, to individuals so they can make the
best possible decisions. The psychosocial needs of those who undergo
prophylactic surgery are not clearly understood. Surgery can have many
psychological outcomes, and how individuals adjust to these changes is
not clear. More nursing research is needed not only to understand these
needs but also to design interventions to facilitate and improve
adjustment to not only the information that one is mutation positive but
also to prophylactic surgery. People who do not have cancer but have a
high risk for cancer because of their genetic background need
comprehensive and consistent care by knowledgeable healthcare providers.
Although these individuals have not been diagnosed with cancer, they
have complex psychosocial needs related to their family history and the
decisions being made about prevention strategies. Oncology nurses can
help fill this gap in care and provide the necessary support these
individuals need.
19
UI - 12090973
AU - Ravdin P
TI -
Aromatase inhibitors for the endocrine adjuvant treatment of breast
cancer.
SO - Lancet 2002 Jun 22;359(9324):2126-7
AD - Department of Medical Oncology, University of Texas Health Science
Center, San Antonio, TX 98284-7884, USA. peter@oncology.uthscsa.edu
20
UI - 12090977
AU - The ATAC Trialists' Group. Arimidex, tamoxifen alone or in combination.
TI -
Anastrozole alone or in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen
alone for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast
cancer: first results of the ATAC randomised trial.
SO - Lancet 2002 Jun 22;359(9324):2131-9
BACKGROUND: In the adjuvant setting, tamoxifen is the established
treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive breast cancer.
However, it is associated with several side-effects including
endometrial cancer and thromboembolic disorders. We aimed to compare the
safety and efficacy outcomes of tamoxifen with those of anastrozole
alone and the combination of anastrozole plus tamoxifen for 5 years.
METHODS: Participants were postmenopausal patients with invasive
operable breast cancer who had completed primary therapy and were
eligible to receive adjuvant hormonal therapy. The primary endpoints
were disease-free survival and occurrence of adverse events. Analysis
for efficacy was by intention to treat. FINDINGS: 9366 patients were
recruited, of whom 3125 were randomly assigned anastrozole, 3116
tamoxifen, and 3125 combination. Median follow-up was 33.3 months. 7839
(84%) patients were known to be hormone-receptor-positive. Disease-free
survival at 3 years was 89.4% on anastrozole and 87.4% on tamoxifen
(hazard ratio 0.83 [95% CI 0.71-0.96], p=0.013). Results with the
combination were not significantly different from those with tamoxifen
alone (87.2%, 1.02 [0.89-1.18], p=0.8). The improvement in disease-free
survival with anastrozole was seen in the subgroup of
hormone-receptor-positive patients, but not the receptor-negative
patients. Incidence of contralateral breast cancer was significantly
lower with anastrozole than with tamoxifen (odds ratio 0.42 [0.22-0.79],
p=0.007). Anastrozole was significantly better tolerated than tamoxifen
with respect to endometrial cancer (p=0.02), vaginal bleeding and
discharge (p<0.0001 for both), cerebrovascular events (p=0.0006), venous
thromboembolic events (p=0.0006), and hot flushes (p<0.0001). Tamoxifen
was significantly better tolerated than anastrozole with respect to
musculoskeletal disorders and fractures (p<0.0001 for both).
INTERPRETATION: Anastrozole is an effective and well tolerated endocrine
option for the treatment of postmenopausal patients with
hormone-sensitive early breast cancer. Longer follow-up is required
before a final benefit:risk assessment can be made.
21
UI - 12093247
AU - Mulley AG; Sepucha K
TI -
Making good decisions about breast cancer chemoprevention.
SO - Ann Intern Med 2002 Jul 2;137(1):52-4
22
UI - 12093267
AU - Anonymous
TI -
Summaries for patients. Using medication to prevent breast cancer:
recommendations from the United States Preventive Services Task Force.
SO - Ann Intern Med 2002 Jul 2;137(1):I62
23
UI - 11850580
AU - Yoo KY; Kang D; Park SK; Kim SU; Kim SU; Shin A; Yoon H; Ahn SH; Noh DY;
TI -
Choe KJ
Epidemiology of breast cancer in Korea: occurrence, high-risk groups,
and prevention.
SO - J Korean Med Sci 2002 Feb;17(1):1-6
AD - Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of
Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul 110-799, Korea.
kyyoo@plaza.snu.ac.kr
Breast cancer ranks second or third to uterine cervix cancer and stomach
cancer as a cause of death in women, and as a common site of primary
cancer. The large difference in its incidence between Westernized and
non-Westernized countries is remarkable. There is a linear increase with
age that is observed in Western countries, which are high-incidence
areas, on the contrary to the inverted V shape curve seen in Asian
countries. Epidemiologic studies conducted in Korea have shown that an
older age, a family history of breast cancer, early menarche, late
menopause, late full-term pregnancy, and never having had a breast-fed
child are primary risk factors in the development of breast cancer. The
estrogen-augmented-by-progesterone hypothesis explains the roles of
these factors to some extent. On the other hand, recent molecular
studies have revealed the existence of novel gene environmental
interactions. Epidemiological features suggest that the breast cancer
incidence rate in Korea will increase, but the age specific curve would
not be changed in keeping with what is observed in Western countries.
Strategies aimed at controlling breast cancer that include the screening
guidelines and the identification of individual predispositions may give
us further insights into both the etiology and the prevention of breast
cancer.
24
UI - 12024429
AU - Rathbone P
TI -
Breast exams: not for women only.
SO - Oreg Nurse 2000 Jun;65(2):9
25
UI - 11965197
AU - Friedenson B
TI -
A current perspective on genetic testing for breast and ovarian cancer:
the oral contraceptive decision.
SO - MedGenMed 2001 Nov 2;3(6):2
AD - Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. molmeddoc@Yahoo.com.
A clinician faces a problem in how best to counsel the woman with a
family history of breast or ovarian cancer about her options for
pregnancy prevention. The physician must guide her as she makes new and
complex decisions. Recent data strongly support an amplified effect of
the estrogens in oral contraceptives for the woman with a genetic risk
for breast cancer. Nonetheless, a woman's immediate need to prevent
pregnancy may be much more important to her than worrying about the
long-term risk of breast cancer. Another factor is that oral
contraceptives prevent ovarian cancer, so the physician may wish to
prescribe them to protect her from ovarian cancer. In some genetic
backgrounds, however, oral contraceptives not only do not prevent
ovarian cancer, but they may raise the risk of breast cancer so
significantly that they should not be taken. With other genetic
backgrounds, oral contraceptives will protect the woman from ovarian
cancer without much effect on her breast cancer risk. When does each of
these cancer risks or benefits become significant? The clinician can
provide an important benefit to a woman who must prevent pregnancy yet
worries about her cancer risk. The physician can help her evaluate the
evidence, with its gaps and uncertainties, in the context of her own
preferences. To assist in this evaluation, this decision aid provides
base-line estimates of the cancer risk that accompanies each of a
woman's options. In some cases, genetic testing is likely to provide
valuable information as she makes choices about contraception and the
risks vs. benefits of different alternatives available to her.
26
UI - 12033810
AU - Rimando AM; Cuendet M; Desmarchelier C; Mehta RG; Pezzuto JM; Duke SO
TI -
Cancer chemopreventive and antioxidant activities of pterostilbene, a
naturally occurring analogue of resveratrol.
SO - J Agric Food Chem 2002 Jun 5;50(12):3453-7
AD - Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, P.O. Box 8048, University,
Mississippi 38677, USA. arimando@ars.usda.gov
Pterostilbene, a natural methoxylated analogue of resveratrol, was
evaluated for antioxidative potential. The peroxyl-radical scavenging
activity of pterostilbene was the same as that of resveratrol, having
total reactive antioxidant potentials of 237 +/- 58 and 253 +/- 53
microM, respectively. Both compounds were found to be more effective
than Trolox as free radical scavengers. Using a plant system,
pterostilbene also was shown to be as effective as resveratrol in
inhibiting electrolyte leakage caused by herbicide-induced oxidative
damage, and both compounds had the same activity as alpha-tocopherol.
Pterostilbene showed moderate inhibition (IC50 = 19.8 microM) of
cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and was weakly active (IC50 = 83.9 microM)
against COX-2, whereas resveratrol strongly inhibited both isoforms of
the enzyme with IC50 values of approximately 1 microM. Using a mouse
mammary organ culture model, carcinogen-induced preneoplastic lesions
were, similarly to resveratrol, significantly inhibited by pterostilbene
(ED50 = 4.8 microM), suggesting antioxidant activity plays an important
role in this process.
27
UI - 2008505
AU - Cribb A; Haran D
TI -
The benefits and ethics of screening for breast cancer.
SO - Public Health 1991 Jan;105(1):63-7
AD - King's College London.
28
UI - 12089239
AU - De Lemos M
TI -
Safety issues of soy phytoestrogens in breast cancer patients.
SO - J Clin Oncol 2002 Jul 1;20(13):3040-1; discussion 3041-2
29
UI - 12074209
AU - Salih AK; Fentiman IS
TI -
14. Breast cancer prevention.
SO - Int J Clin Pract 2002 May;56(4):267-71
AD - Hedley Atkins Breast Unit, Guy's Hospital London, UK.
Increased risk of breast cancer may result from potentially modifiable
causes such as endogenous hormone levels, obesity, HRT, and
non-lactation, or non-modifiable factors including genetic
susceptibility and increasing age. The Gail model, based on known
factors, may be useful for estimating lifetime risk in some individuals,
but those risk factors that are easier to modify may have a limited
impact on the totality of breast cancer. Tamoxifen prevention still
remains contentious, with a significant reduction in risk of breast
cancer in women given tamoxifen in the NSABP P1 study but no effect in
the Italian and Royal Marsden trials. Raloxifene, tested in the MORE
trial, reduced the incidence of breast cancer by 65% but this was
restricted to oestrogen receptor positive tumours. Lifestyle factors
such as diet, obesity, exercise and age at first full term pregnancy and
number of pregnancies have a mild to moderate impact on risk, so may
have little effect on the incidence of breast cancer. Reduction of
alcohol intake could lead to a modest reduction in the risk of breast
cancer but possibly adversely affect other diseases. Fat reduction and
GnRH analogue reduce mammographic density but have not yet been shown to
affect risk. For women with BRCA1/2 mutation, options include unproven
surveillance and prophylactic mastectomy with an unquantified risk
reduction. Interesting new candidates for chemoprevention include
aromatase inhibitors, new generation SERMs, demethylating agents,
non-selective COX inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and polyamine
synthetic inhibitors.
30
UI - 12093249
AU - U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
TI -
Chemoprevention of breast cancer: recommendations and rationale.
SO - Ann Intern Med 2002 Jul 2;137(1):56-8
31
UI - 12093250
AU - Kinsinger LS; Harris R; Woolf SH; Sox HC; Lohr KN
TI -
Chemoprevention of breast cancer: a summary of the evidence for the U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force.
SO - Ann Intern Med 2002 Jul 2;137(1):59-69
AD - Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, Program on
Prevention, CB# 7508, Wing D, Room 383, University of North Carolina
School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7508, USA.
PURPOSE: Chemoprevention offers promise as a strategy for reducing
morbidity and mortality from breast cancer in women. This review
examined the evidence for the effectiveness of chemoprevention in women
without a history of breast cancer. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966 to
controlled trials (RCTs) of chemoprevention of breast cancer in women
without a previous diagnosis of breast cancer were examined, and 4
relevant trials, 3 involving tamoxifen and 1 involving raloxifene, were
selected. Trials that provided data on the harms of tamoxifen or
raloxifene, studies of the costs of chemoprevention, and studies of risk
assessment were also reviewed. DATA EXTRACTION: Four reviewers
independently abstracted data on key variables, including study
population, sample size, randomization, treatment, and outcomes. DATA
SYNTHESIS: The largest of the RCTs of tamoxifen reported a 49% reduction
in relative risk (0.51 [95% CI, 0.39 to 0.66]) for invasive cancer among
women with an estimated 5-year breast cancer risk of at least 1.66%. The
other tamoxifen trials did not observe a statistically significant
benefit, but only a few women in each trial took tamoxifen during the
entire study period. The raloxifene study of postmenopausal women with
osteoporosis found a 76% reduction in relative risk (0.24 [CI, 0.13 to
0.44]) for invasive breast cancer. Tamoxifen and raloxifene were
effective only against estrogen receptor-positive tumors. Both drugs
increased risk for venous thromboembolic disease and hot flashes;
tamoxifen increased risk for endometrial cancer and stroke. CONCLUSIONS:
Tamoxifen and raloxifene reduce the incidence of estrogen
receptor-positive breast cancer in women. The relative risk reduction
seems similar across all breast cancer risk groups. The absolute risk
reduction varies by risk factors for breast cancer, however, and must be
balanced against the potential harms to judge the appropriateness of
treatment for individual women.
32
UI - 11902020
AU - Adams ML; Becker H; Colbert A
TI -
African-American women's perceptions of mammography screening.
SO - J Natl Black Nurses Assoc 2001 Dec;12(2):44-8
AD - University of Texas at Austin, School of Nursing, 1700 Red River,
Austin, TX 78701, USA.
While mammography has been shown to decrease breast cancer mortality,
many African-American women are not receiving annual screenings.
African-American women's reasons for not having mammograms are not well
understood. This study therefore surveyed 164 African-American women
concerning barriers to mammography screening. Outreach coordinators in
two urban and one rural site in Texas asked African-American women to
complete a checklist about the barriers to mammography screening. The
23-item Mammography Barriers Checklist, which was developed based upon
one of the author's clinical experience and the research literature,
included both internal and external barriers to screening. Women in all
three geographic areas identified fear of finding cancer and mammography
cost as the most important reasons for not having mammograms. These
results suggest that outreach strategies that address fears related to
mammography screening and help women find low-cost mammography resources
may be more effective than those focusing strictly on providing
information.
33
UI - 12109411
AU - Saul H
TI -
Mammography: consensus in sight?
SO - Eur J Cancer 2002 May;38(8):1035
34
UI - 12095949
AU - Chen S; Zhou D; Okubo T; Kao YC; Eng ET; Grube B; Kwon A; Yang C; Yu B
TI -
Prevention and treatment of breast cancer by suppressing aromatase
activity and expression.
SO - Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002 Jun;963():229-38
AD - Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope,
Duarte, California 91010, USA. schen@coh.org.
Estrogen promotes the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Aromatase is
the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. In tumors, expression of
aromatase is upregulated compared to that of surrounding noncancerous
tissue. Tumor aromatase is thought to stimulate breast cancer growth in
both an autocrine and a paracrine manner. A treatment strategy for
breast cancer is to abolish in situ estrogen formation with aromatase
inhibitors. In addition, aromatase suppression in postmenapausal women
is being evaluated as a potential chemopreventive modality against
breast cancer. One area of aromatase research in this laboratory is the
identification of foods and dietary compounds that can suppress
aromatase activity. In vitro and in vivo studies have found that grapes
and mushrooms contain chemicals that can inhibit aromatase. Therefore, a
diet that includes grapes and mushrooms would be considered preventative
against breast cancer. Another area of our aromatase research is the
elucidation of the regulatory mechanism of aromatase expression in
breast cancer tissue. Increased aromatase expression in breast tumors is
attributed to changes in the transcriptional control of aromatase
expression. Whereas promoter I.4 is the main promoter that controls
aromatase expression in noncancerous breast tissue, promoters II and I.3
are the dominant promoters that drive aromatase expression in breast
cancer tissue. Our recent gene regulation studies revealed that in
cancerous versus normal tissue, several positive regulatory proteins
(e.g., nuclear receptors and CREB1) are present at higher levels and
several negative regulatory proteins (e.g., snail and slug proteins) are
present at lower levels. This may explain why the activity of promoters
II and I.3 is upregulated in cancerous tissue. In addition, our in vitro
transcription/translation analysis using plasmids containing T7 promoter
and the human snail gene as a reporter capped with different
untranslated exon Is revealed that exon PII-containing transcripts were
translated more effectively than were exon I.3-containing transcripts.
An understanding of the molecular mechanisms of aromatase expression
between noncancerous and cancerous breast tissue, at both
transcriptional and translational levels, may help in the design of a
therapy based on suppressing aromatase expression in breast cancer
tissue.
35
UI - 12095952
AU - Kaaks R; Lukanova A
TI -
Effects of weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention:
role of endogenous hormone metabolism.
SO - Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002 Jun;963():268-81
AD - International Agency for Research on Cancer, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08,
France. kaaks@iarc.fr
Excess body weight and/or lack of physical activity are increasingly
recognized as major risk factors for cancer of the colon, breast,
endometrium, and prostate. This paper reviews the effects of excess body
weight and physical inactivity on endogenous hormone metabolism
(insulin, the IGF-I/IGFBP system, and sex steroids) and of endocrine
alterations with risk of cancer of the endometrium, breast, prostate,
and colon.
36
UI - 12095953
AU - Castagnetta L; Granata OM; Cusimano R; Ravazzolo B; Liquori M; Polito L;
TI -
Miele M; Di Cristina A; Hamel P; Traina A
The Mediet Project.
SO - Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002 Jun;963():282-9
AD - Unit of Experimental Oncology & Palermo Branch of IST-GE, and Cancer
Registry, Department of Clinical Oncology, M. Ascoli Cancer Hospital
Centre, A.R.N.A.S., Civico, Palermo, Italy. lucashbl@unipa.it
Preliminary evidence from a case control study of healthy postmenopausal
women living in Palermo, Sicily, is presented to investigate the
potential impact of a traditional Mediterranean diet on the risk of
developing breast cancer. Of the 230 women who fulfilled specific
eligibility criteria, 115 were enrolled in the study based on serum
testosterone values equal to or greater than the median population value
(0.14 microg/ml). Women were then individually randomized into a diet
intervention (n = 58) and a control (n = 55) group. Women in the
intervention group attended a weekly "cooking course" for 1 year, being
trained by professional chefs in the correct use of the natural
ingredients of the traditional Mediterranean diet, including whole
cereals, legumes, seeds, fish, cruciferous vegetables, and many others.
The intervention group was subsequently instructed to follow the learned
diet at home, while the control group was only advised to increase the
consumption of fruits and vegetables, as recommended by WHO. The
following measures were taken at the beginning, middle, and end of the
study: (a) fasting blood and 12-hour urine samples to assay defined
hormonal endpoints; (b) height, weight, and circumference of the waist
and hip; and (c) a food frequency and computerized 24-hour dietary
recall questionnaire. After 1 year, both the control and the
intervention groups showed satisfactory compliance rates (81 and 85%,
respectively). In addition, preliminary results so far obtained reveal
an unequivocal trend towards weight loss, a strong reduction in
cholesterol levels, and a psychophysical feeling of well-being by women
adopting the Mediterranean diet. The study is currently ongoing to
verify the association of changes in serum and urine hormone levels and
breast cancer risk in the intervention group.
37
UI - 12067802
AU - Wilcken N
TI -
Mammography screening.
SO - Lancet Oncol 2002 May;3(5):268
AD - Department of Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Westmead Hospital,
Sydney, Australia.
38
UI - 12026751
AU - Puleo E; Zapka J; White MJ; Mouchawar J; Somkin C; Taplin S
TI -
Caffeine, cajoling, and other strategies to maximize clinician survey
response rates.
SO - Eval Health Prof 2002 Jun;25(2):169-84
AD - University of Massachusetts, USA.
An ongoing objective in health services research is to increase response
rates to clinician surveys to ensure generalizability of findings. Three
HMOs in the Cancer Research Network participated in a primary care
clinician survey to better understand organizational characteristics
affecting adoption and implementation of breast and cervical cancer
screening guidelines. A four-stage data collection strategy was
implemented to maximize response. This included careful attention to
survey design and layout, extensive piloting, choice of token incentive,
use of "local champions," and denominator management. An overall
response rate of 91% was attained, ranging from 83 to 100% among the
plans (N = 621). Although the response rate after the second stage of
data collection met commonly used standards, the authors argue for the
four-stage method due to the possibility of differences when comparing
early and late responders. This is important when multiple plans with
differing structure and internal characteristics are surveyed.
39
UI - 12108453
AU - Rollins G
TI -
IOM says: X-ray mammography remains the gold standard in breast cancer
screening technology.
SO - Rep Med Guidel Outcomes Res 2001 Apr 19;12(8):1-2, 5
40
UI - 12043758
AU - Cummings DM; Whetstone LM; Earp JA; Mayne L
TI -
Disparities in mammography screening in rural areas: analysis of county
differences in North Carolina.
SO - J Rural Health 2002 Winter;18(1):77-83
AD - Department of Family Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, NC
27858, USA. cummingsd@mail.ecu.edu
The extent to which targeted mammography programs have impacted women in
rural areas is not well defined. We investigated mammography screening
rates among 843 women age 50 and over from a population-based sample in
four predominantly rural eastern North Carolina counties. We examined
age, race, education level, county of residence, health insurance, and
the self-reported completion of mammography in the past year using
contingency tables and logistic regression. African American females
aged 65 years or older had the lowest reported mammography rates (42%),
while white females aged 50 to 64 had the highest rates (58%). Uninsured
women and those with less education were less likely to have received a
mammogram. Logistic regression demonstrated that age, education, and
health insurance were significant predictors of mammography completion.
A county-level analysis revealed that three counties had similar rates
and one county had substantially lower rates. A higher-than-expected
rate of screening-mammography completion among African American women
was noted in one predominantly rural county served by a breast cancer
screening program. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that county
was a significant predictor for mammography completion. In separate
regressions run by race, county remained a significant predictor for
African American women but not for white women. Differences in
mammography screening appear to persist in some predominantly rural
areas and are related to age, race, education, and health insurance.
Programs that target hard-to-reach women with efforts tailored
specifically to their needs may be effective in reducing persistent
racial differences.
41
UI - 12091685
AU - Helvie MA; Bailey JE; Roubidoux MA; Pass HA; Chang AE; Pierce LJ;
TI -
Wilkins EG
Mammographic screening of TRAM flap breast reconstructions for detection
of nonpalpable recurrent cancer.
SO - Radiology 2002 Jul;224(1):211-6
AD - Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 E
Medical Center Dr, Taubman Center 2910N, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0326, USA.
PURPOSE: To evaluate findings from routine mammographic screenings in
patients with transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap
reconstructions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a 25-month study period,
214 consecutive screening mammograms in 113 asymptomatic women (mean
age, 51 years) with TRAM flap reconstructions were obtained.
Mastectomies were performed for cancer in 106 (94%) of the 113 women and
for prophylaxis in seven (6%). Prospectively, a Breast Imaging Reporting
and Data System (BI-RADS) assessment category 1-5 was assigned to each
mammogram. Surgical, medical, pathologic, and radiographic records were
retrospectively reviewed. CIs were determined by the normal
approximation to the binomial distribution. RESULTS: Seven (3%) of 214
examinations were BI-RADS category 4 or 5. Six (86%) of seven patients
underwent biopsy. Two (33%) of these six biopsies demonstrated invasive
ductal carcinoma. Cancer detection rate for mammography was 1.9% (two of
106) (95% CI: 0.33%, 7.32%) for women with reconstruction for breast
cancer during the 2-year period. One (6%) of 16 BI-RADS category 3
examinations later proved to be invasive ductal carcinoma at follow-up.
No interval cancer was discovered in 171 cases of BI-RADS category 1 or
2 examinations with 1-year follow-up. No cancers occurred in women who
underwent prophylactic mastectomy. A biopsy positive predictive value of
33% (95% CI: 6%, 76%) was observed. CONCLUSION: Screening mammography of
TRAM flap-reconstructed breasts enables detection of nonpalpable cancer
before clinical examination.
42
UI - 12101578
AU - Orlov OA
TI -
[Clinical results of specialized prophylactic mammography screenings of
industrial workers]
SO - Vopr Onkol 2002;48(1):95-8
Cancer Types
Bone Cancer
Brain Tumors
Breast Cancer
Carcinoid Tumors
Endocrine System Cancers
Gastrointestinal Cancers
Gynecologic Cancers
Head and Neck Cancers
Leukemia
Lung Cancers
Lymphomas
Myelomas
Pediatric Cancers
Penile Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Sarcomas
Skin Cancers
Testicular Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
Urinary Tract Cancers
OncoLink Vet
Cancer Treatment
Biologic Therapy
Bone Marrow Transplants
Chemotherapy
Clinical Trials
Complementary Medicine
Gene Therapy
General Treatment Concerns
Hormone Therapy
PDT Center
Proton Therapy
Radiation Oncology
Surgical Oncology
Targeted Therapies
Vaccine Therapies
Cancer Support
Caregivers
Hospice Care and Bereavement
Nutrition and Cancer
Sexuality & Fertility
Side Effects
Support
Survivorship
Exercise and Cancer
Cancer Resources
Cancer News
OncoLink University
Nurses' Notes
Conferences
Newly Diagnosed Patients
Causes and Prevention
Legal and Financial Information for Patients
LGBT Resources
NCI Resources
Global Resources
Cancer Resource List
Resources for Young Adults
OncoLink Media Library
OncoLink TV
Book, Music and Video Reviews
Ask the Experts
Brown Bag Chat
Tracy's Corner
About OncoLink
About OncoLink
Giving to OncoLink
Contact Information
Usage Policy
Editorial Board
How to Partner with OncoLink
Link to OncoLink
Mission Statement
