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Abramson Cancer CenterNCI CANCERLIT® Search: Testicular Cancer - July 2002
National Cancer Institute®
Last Modified: July 1, 2002
- The cancer-testis gene, NY-ESO-1, is expressed in normal fetal and adult testes and in spermatocytic seminomas and testicular carcinoma in situ.
- Nuclear factor-kappa B activation in human testicular apoptosis.
- [Cervical metastasis from testicular teratoma]
- Follicular large cell lymphoma localized to the testis in children.
- Beneficial impact of a clinical care pathway in patients with testicular cancer undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.
- Testicular cancer: risks of treatment vs risks of recurrence.
- Microsatellite instability of germ cell tumors is associated with resistance to systemic treatment.
- [Positron emission tomography in the investigation of malignant testicular tumors]
- Prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy in a group of patients who previously underwent pelvic radiotherapy for testicular cancer.
- Combined systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy plus radiotherapy in testicular lymphoma: a report of two cases.
- Pilot study of testicular cancer awareness and testicular self-examination in men attending two South London general practices.
- Expression of CXC chemokine IP-10 in testicular germ cell tumours.
- [Guideline for proper use of antineoplastic agents. Urologic cancer]
- EAU guidelines on testicular cancer.
- Early-stage testis cancer.
- Advanced testis cancer.
- Genome profiles of familial/bilateral and sporadic testicular germ cell tumors.
- Infantile and adult testicular germ cell tumors. a different pathogenesis?
- Volume image reconstruction for diffuse optical tomography.
- Re: Malignant germ cell tumor of the contralateral testis after radiotherapy for testicular intraepithelial neoplasia.
- Gonadal sex cord stromal tumor in a patient with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome.
- High-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for advanced testicular cancer.
- Follow-up of clinical stage I testicular cancer patients: cost and risk benefit considerations.
- Bilateral testicular tumors: a report of nine cases with long-term follow-up.
- Low expression of DNA polymerase beta in human testicular germ cell tumours--impact on foetal gonocytic origin theory.
- [Testicular tumors]
- Fas/Fas ligand system and apoptosis induction in testicular carcinoma.
- [Differential diagnosis of epididymal leiomyoma. Report of a new case]
- [Yolk sac tumor. Report of a case]
- [Histopathologic risk factors in patients with non-seminomatous germ tumors of the testis in clinical stage 1. Retrospective study of 75
- Metastatic spinal cord compression of testicular yolk sac tumor.
- Molecular characterization of hiwi, a human member of the piwi gene family whose overexpression is correlated to seminomas.
- Alternating dose-dense chemotherapy in patients with high volume disseminated non-seminomatous germ cell tumours.
Table of Contents
1
UI - 12065688
AU - Satie AP; Rajpert-De Meyts E; Spagnoli GC; Henno S; Olivo L; Jacobsen
TI -
GK; Rioux-Leclercq N; Jegou B; Samson M
The cancer-testis gene, NY-ESO-1, is expressed in normal fetal and adult
testes and in spermatocytic seminomas and testicular carcinoma in situ.
SO - Lab Invest 2002 Jun;82(6):775-80
AD - GERM-INSERM U. 435, Universite de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes,
France.
Cancer/testis genes are potential targets for therapeutic genetic and
immunologic approaches, and are highly expressed in a large variety of
human cancers. However, they are not expressed in normal tissues, with
the exception of the testis. The NY-ESO-1 gene is the most recently
identified member of the cancer/testis family and its product is one of
the most immunogenic tumor antigens. We used immunohistochemistry to
investigate the expression of NY-ESO-1 in healthy human prenatal and
adult testes and in 59 human testicular tumors of different subtypes. We
found that NY-ESO-1 was expressed from 18 weeks until birth in human
fetal testes. In the adult testis, NY-ESO-1 was strongly expressed in
spermatogonia and in primary spermatocytes, but not in post-meiotic
cells or in testicular somatic cells. NY-ESO-1 was not expressed in the
Sertoli cells, Leydig cells, classical seminomas, or nonseminomatous
germ cells in the 59 testicular tumors. In contrast, NY-ESO-1 was
expressed both in carcinomas in situ, which are the earliest stage of
testicular tumors (7 of 15 cases), and in spermatocytic seminomas, which
are believed to be derived from spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes
(8 of 16 cases). We conclude that NY-ESO-1 is a marker that can be used
to follow the early progression of testicular tumorigenesis when the
tumors present a similar pattern of expression to the cells from which
they originated, although the later tumors cease to express NY-ESO-1.
2
UI - 11786414
AU - Pentikainen V; Suomalainen L; Erkkila K; Martelin E; Parvinen M;
TI -
Pentikainen MO; Dunkel L
Nuclear factor-kappa B activation in human testicular apoptosis.
SO - Am J Pathol 2002 Jan;160(1):205-18
AD - Program for Developmental and Reproductive Biology, Biomedicum Helsinki,
Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Finland.
vpentika@mappi.helsinki.fi
Apoptotic cell death plays an important role in limiting testicular germ
cell population during spermatogenesis and its dysregulation has been
shown to be associated with male infertility. The growing evidence on
the role of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B in
controlling apoptosis prompted us to investigate NF-kappa B activity in
the normal human testis and its role in testis tissue undergoing
excessive apoptosis in vitro. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays,
low-level constitutive NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity was found and, by
immunostaining of the RelA and p50 NF-kappa B subunits, was localized to
Sertoli cell nuclei. During in vitro-induced testicular apoptosis, the
Sertoli cell nuclear NF-kappa B levels and whole seminiferous tubule
NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity increased previous detection of germ
cells undergoing apoptosis. The anti-inflammatory drug sulfasalazine
effectively suppressed stress-induced NF-kappa B DNA binding and
NF-kappa B-mediated I kappa B alpha gene expression. Importantly,
concomitantly with inhibiting NF-kappa B, sulfasalazine blocked germ
cell apoptosis. These results suggest that during testicular stress
Sertoli cell NF-kappa B proteins exert proapoptotic effects on germ
cells, which raises the possibility that pharmacological inhibition of
NF-kappa B could be a therapeutic target in transient stress situations
involving excessive germ cell death.
3
UI - 11998529
AU - Fernandez AJ; Papi M; Espuch D; Chillon S; Talavera J
TI -
[Cervical metastasis from testicular teratoma]
SO - Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp 2002 Feb;53(2):141-4
AD - Servicio ORL, Hospital General Universitario de Alicante.
The presence of neck metastasis in patients with testicular germ cell
neoplasms in a rare but well known phenomenon. The incidence of neck
metastasis in testicular carcinoma has been reported to be present in a
5% of cases. When cervical metastasis occurs, surgical resection of the
residual disease following chemotherapy and using a specific technique
of modified neck dissection results in a surprisingly improvement of the
prognosis.
4
UI - 12050548
AU - Pakzad K; MacLennan GT; Elder JS; Flom LS; Trujillo YP; Sutherland SE;
TI -
Meyerson HJ
Follicular large cell lymphoma localized to the testis in children.
SO - J Urol 2002 Jul;168(1):225-8
AD - Department of Pathology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland,
Ohio, USA.
PURPOSE: Primary follicular lymphoma of the testis in childhood is rare
with only 6 cases previously reported. We present 3 additional cases.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: We extensively analyzed primary follicular
lymphoma of the testis in 3 boys. Clinical data were obtained by
reviewing patient charts. RESULTS: The patients were 4, 5 and 11 years
old, respectively. Two patients presented with painless unilateral
testicular enlargement and 1 presented with unilateral hydrocele.
Laboratory findings were within normal limits in all patients. Radical
orchiectomy was done in all cases. The excised testes were partially or
completely replaced by tumor. In all cases the features were those of
follicular, large cell-type malignant lymphoma. Tumor cells in all cases
were CD20 and CDw75 positive, focally CD23 positive and bcl-2 negative,
while in 2 they were CD10 positive and bcl-6 positive. Surface Ig was
absent in the 2 cases studied. Karyotyping in 1 case showed a normal
karyotype. Staging revealed no evidence of extratesticular disease. All
patients underwent combination chemotherapy and were in complete
remission 7 to 59 months after therapy. CONCLUSIONS: We present 3 cases
of pediatric primary follicular lymphoma of the testis. Pathological
findings and clinical features were similar to those in the 6 previously
reported cases and suggest that primary pediatric testicular follicular
lymphoma may represent unique subset of follicular lymphoma with a
particularly good prognosis.
5
UI - 12050498
AU - Chang SS; Smith JA Jr; Girasole C; Baumgartner RG; Roth BJ; Cookson MS
TI -
Beneficial impact of a clinical care pathway in patients with testicular
cancer undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.
SO - J Urol 2002 Jul;168(1):87-92
AD - Department of Urologic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center,
Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
PURPOSE: Since 1997, we have used a clinical collaborative care pathway
for patients undergoing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection. We
examined its impact on perioperative care and outcome. MATERIALS AND
METHODS: We examined the records of all patients with germ cell
carcinoma who underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection from July
stage, hospital stay, postoperative care and the complication rate.
RESULTS: A total of 118 patients underwent retroperitoneal lymph node
dissection for germ cell carcinoma during this period, including 46
(39%) before pathway implementation in 1997 and 72 patients (61%) after
pathway implementation. Of the 118 patients 40 (34%) underwent the
procedure after chemotherapy. This rate remained fairly constant in the
period before and after pathway initiation (31% and 36%, respectively).
After pathway implementation fewer patients received a nasogastric tube
(94% versus 5%, p <0.001) and had complications (26% versus 16%, p =
0.036). Mean hospital stay decreased after pathway implementation in all
primary and post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
cases (4.2 versus 6.4 days, p <0.005). Although patients who underwent
the procedure after chemotherapy were more likely to have complications
than those who underwent a primary procedure, the difference was not
statistically significant (p = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Our collaborative
clinical care pathway safely and efficiently outlines routine
postoperative care and significantly decreased hospital stay.
6
UI - 12067668
AU - Bonn D
TI -
Testicular cancer: risks of treatment vs risks of recurrence.
SO - Lancet Oncol 2002 Apr;3(4):197
7
UI - 12019150
AU - Mayer F; Gillis AJ; Dinjens W; Oosterhuis JW; Bokemeyer C; Looijenga LH
TI -
Microsatellite instability of germ cell tumors is associated with
resistance to systemic treatment.
SO - Cancer Res 2002 May 15;62(10):2758-60
AD - Pathology/Laboratory for Exp. Patho-Oncology, University Hospital
Rotterdam/Daniel, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus University
Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapy cures > or =90% of patients with
metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs). The biological basis of this
exquisite chemo-sensitivity and the resistant phenotype encountered in
10-15% of patients with GCT is yet unclear. A defective mismatch repair
pathway leading to microsatellite instability (MSI) has been related to
resistance to cytotoxic drugs. We investigated 100 unselected GCTs and
11 clinically defined chemotherapy-resistant GCTs for MSI using 8 mono-
or dinucleotide markers and the presence of the mismatch repair factors
MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 by immunohistochemistry. The resistant tumors, both
chemo-naive (n = 8) and pretreated (n = 3), showed a significantly
higher incidence of MSI compared with the unselected series (45 versus
6% in at least one locus and 36 versus 0% in > or =2 of 8 loci, both P <
or = 0.001). In 5 of all 11 unstable tumors, MSI correlated with
immunohistochemical findings. This study demonstrates for the first time
a positive correlation between MSI and treatment resistance in GCT.
8
UI - 12077918
AU - Kalvin B; Marian T; Galuska L; Szakall S Jr; Geczi L; Esik O; Tron L;
TI -
Bodrogi I
[Positron emission tomography in the investigation of malignant
testicular tumors]
SO - Orv Hetil 2002 May 26;143(21 Suppl 3):1286-9
AD - Debreceni Egyetem, Orvos- es Egeszsegtudomanyi Centrum, PET Centrum,
Debrecen. kalvin@pet.dote.hu
Thirty-three [18F]-FDG and ten [11C]-methionine (altogether 43) PET
studies were performed in 37 (24 non-seminoma and 13 seminoma) patients.
All results were assessed on the basis of histology (or cytology) or
clinical follow-up. PET scan identified metastatic disease in 13 cases
while 30 investigations resulted in a negative medical report. There
were 3 false-positive cases and no false-negative results were obtained.
The false-positive results were likely to occur due to FDG accumulation
in benign lesions. There were no false-positive findings with the use of
[11C]-methionine. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 100%, 91%
and 93%, respectively, using both tracers.
9
UI - 11824894
AU - Henry AM; Ash DV
TI -
Prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy in a group of patients who
previously underwent pelvic radiotherapy for testicular cancer.
SO - Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2001;13(6):490
10
UI - 11940507
AU - Magagnoli M; Balzarotti M; Castagna L; Bertuzzi A; Nozza A; Santoro A
TI -
Combined systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy plus radiotherapy in
testicular lymphoma: a report of two cases.
SO - Haematologica 2002 Apr;87(4):ELT22
AD - Departmenti of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Istituto Clinico
Humanitas- Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy.
massimo.magagnoli@humanitas.it
11
UI - 11978722
AU - Khadra A; Oakeshott P
TI -
Pilot study of testicular cancer awareness and testicular
self-examination in men attending two South London general practices.
SO - Fam Pract 2002 Jun;19(3):294-6
AD - Department of General Practice and Primary Care, St George's Hospital
Medical School, London SW17 ORE, UK.
BACKGROUND: Testicular cancer (TC) awareness and testicular
self-examination (TSE) have never been evaluated adequately in UK
general practice. TC has a 96% cure rate if detected early. OBJECTIVES:
Our aim was to estimate awareness of TC and practice of TSE in a general
practice population. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was
carried out in 250 consecutive male attenders aged 18-50 years in two
general practices, one inner city, and one suburban. After obtaining
informed consent, male patients in the waiting room were asked to
complete a brief confidential questionnaire about TC and TSE. RESULTS:
The response rate was 81%. Mean age was 32 years (range 18-50).
Seventy-five per cent of responders described themselves as white, 12%
Asian, 6% black and 7% other ethnic groups. Ninety-one per cent were
aware of TC but only 26% knew both the age group most affected (25-34
years) and that TC can be curable if detected early. Although 49% of
responders had carried out TSE in the past year, only 22% were
practising according to recommendations: feeling for lumps at least
monthly. TSE was associated with age >35 years, white ethnicity, knowing
someone with TC, having attended a Men's Health Clinic and having heard
of the 'Everyman' TC awareness campaign. CONCLUSION: Although awareness
of TC in this GP population was reasonable, less than half were
practising TSE. Further public health campaigns may be needed.
12
UI - 12081209
AU - Schweyer S; Soruri A; Baumhoer D; Peters J; Cattaruzza M; Radzun HJ;
TI -
Fayyazi A
Expression of CXC chemokine IP-10 in testicular germ cell tumours.
SO - J Pathol 2002 May;197(1):89-97
AD - Department of Pathology, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany.
sswyer@med.uni-goettingen.de
Tumour-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) possess discrepant properties
ranging from anti- to protumour activities. Understanding precisely
which mechanisms navigating T lymphocytes into the tumour site will help
to further the anti-tumour or to disrupt the pro-tumour activities of
TILs. The present study asked what enables TILs to migrate into
testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs). TILs were characterized and the
expression of a large panel of T-lymphocyte-attracting chemokines was
investigated in 21 TGCT cases. Flow cytometry revealed that
approximately 80% of TGCT-infiltrating T lymphocytes express CXCR3, a
receptor for the chemokine interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10).
RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry indicated that IP-10 was the only
chemokine investigated which was constantly expressed in TGCT. As IP-10
was found to be expressed by endothelial cells of TGCT-associated blood
vessels, the question arose whether the IP-10-regulating cytokine
interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) is produced by tumour cells and if so,
whether tumour-derived IFNgamma can induce IP-10 in endothelial cells.
Applying in situ hybridization, IFNgamma transcripts were found in
neoplastic germ cells. Analyses of two TGCT cell lines indicated that
the tumour cells not only express IFNgamma mRNA, but also produce and
secrete IFNgamma protein; tumour-derived IFNgamma provokes IP-10
expression and secretion by endothelial cells in vitro, as assessed by
PCR and ELISA. Together, the data suggest that neoplastic germ cells
secret IFNgamma and thereby stimulate tumour-associated endothelial
cells to express IP-10, which contributes to the recruitment of CXCR3+ T
lymphocytes to the site of TGCTs.
13
UI - 12109446
AU - Akaza H; Miyanaga N
TI -
[Guideline for proper use of antineoplastic agents. Urologic cancer]
SO - Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 2002 Jun;29(6):1055-64
14
UI - 11528185
AU - Laguna MP; Pizzocaro G; Klepp O; Algaba F; Kisbenedek L; Leiva O; EAU
TI -
Working Group on Oncological Urology
EAU guidelines on testicular cancer.
SO - Eur Urol 2001 Aug;40(2):102-10
AD - Department of Urology, UMC St Radboud, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
p.laguna@uro.azn.nl
OBJECTIVES: To establish guidelines for the diagnosis, staging,
treatment and follow-up of germ cell testicular cancer. METHODS: A
search of published work was conducted using Medline. Highly
evidence-based articles were selected and their findings analysed by the
members of the Oncological Urology Working Group of the EAU. Testis
cancer is rare and affects young men in their 3rd and 4th decades of
life. The majority of these tumours are derived from germ cells
(seminomatous and non-seminoma germ cell testicular cancer), and more
than 50% of patients are diagnosed with stage I disease.
Epidemiological, pathological and clinical risk factors are well
established. The tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) staging system is
endorsed, and for metastatic disease a recently devised
prognostic-factor-based staging system has proven to be useful. Staging
assessment includes pre- and post-orchiectomy marker levels, pathology
of the testis, and nodal and visceral status. Following orchiectomy,
treatment depends on the tumour type, pathological risk factors for
stage I disease and clinical prognostic factors for advanced disease.
The cure rate is excellent for disease stages I and II, irrespective of
the treatment adopted. However, the pattern of relapse (rate, timing and
site) is highly influenced by therapeutic policy. For metastatic
disease, survival depends on clinical prognostic factors and treatment.
Follow-up schedules are tailored according to stage, tumour type and
post-orchiectomy treatment schedules. CONCLUSIONS: Excellent cure rates
are achieved for early-stage germ cell testis tumours following accurate
staging at diagnosis. Satisfactory survival rate can be achieved in
advanced metastatic disease using a multidisciplinary therapeutic
approach. Follow-up schedules vary, depending on the pathology and stage
of the primary tumour and on the treatment policy adopted following
orchiectomy.
15
UI - 12057104
AU - Foster RS
TI -
Early-stage testis cancer.
SO - Curr Treat Options Oncol 2001 Oct;2(5):413-9
AD - Department of Urology, Indiana University Medical Center, 535 North
Barnhill Drive, Suite 420, Indianapolis, IN 46224, USA.
rsfoster@iupui.edu
The treatment of low-stage testis cancer (defined as clinical stage I or
low-volume clinical stage II disease) varies, depending on whether or
not the orchiectomy specimen reveals seminoma or nonseminoma. Treatments
for clinical stage I seminoma include radiotherapy to the
retroperitoneum, surveillance, or two courses of carboplatin
chemotherapy. Until the results of an ongoing randomized study comparing
radiotherapy with two courses of carboplatin are known, standard
accepted treatments currently include radiotherapy or surveillance. In
nonbulky clinical stage II seminoma, therapeutic options include
radiotherapy or cisplatin-based chemotherapy. For clinical stage I
nonseminoma, equivalent short-term survival rates are obtained with
either nerve-sparing retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND),
surveillance, or two courses of BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, and platinum)
chemotherapy. However, minimization of toxicity of treatment would argue
that the two preferred treatments in clinical stage I nonseminoma are
nerve-sparing RPLND or surveillance. For low- volume clinical stage II
nonseminoma, options include three courses of BEP or primary RPLND. The
overall chance for cure is essentially the same for either of these
options. Therefore, in each clinical stage of early-stage testis cancer,
therapeutic options exist that, based upon current data, are
therapeutically equivalent in the short term. Therefore, the ultimate
choice of therapy is also dependent upon the short- and long-term
toxicity of therapy and the likelihood of late recurrence of disease.
16
UI - 12057105
AU - Droz JP; Rivoire M
TI -
Advanced testis cancer.
SO - Curr Treat Options Oncol 2001 Oct;2(5):421-9
AD - Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Leon-Berard, 28 rue Laennec,
68008, Lyon, France. jpdroz@wanadoo.fr
Advanced testis tumors are highly curable. The treatment strategy is
chemotherapy followed by the surgical exeresis of residual disease. The
standard chemotherapy regimen is BEP (bleomycin, etoposide, and
cisplatin); the number of cycles of chemotherapy depends upon prognostic
factors, based on the primary site, histology, presence of visceral
metastases, and serum tumor marker levels. Patients in the good-risk
group receive three cycles of chemotherapy, whereas those in the
intermediate- and high-risk groups receive four cycles. Exeresis of all
residual disease and systematic postchemotherapy retroperitoneal
dissection in bulky disease are mandatory. When complete exeresis of
necrotic tissue, teratoma, or active germ-cell cancer has been
performed, no further postsurgical treatment is warranted. A
multidisciplinary approach, rigorous administration of chemotherapy, and
skill in surgery of germ-cell tumors are favored in the treatment of
these patients in trained centers.
17
UI - 11979550
AU - Kraggerud SM; Skotheim RI; Szymanska J; Eknaes M; Fossa SD; Stenwig AE;
TI -
Peltomaki P; Lothe RA
Genome profiles of familial/bilateral and sporadic testicular germ cell
tumors.
SO - Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2002 Jun;34(2):168-74
AD - Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian
Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
In order to investigate the genetics of testicular germ cell tumors
(TGCTs), we examined 33 TGCTs, including 15 familial/bilateral and 18
sporadic tumors, using comparative genomic hybridization. The
frequencies of the histological subtypes were comparable between the two
groups. Gains of the whole or parts of chromosome 12 were found in 30
tumors (91%). Furthermore, increased copy number of the whole or parts
of chromosomes 7, 8, 17, and X, and decreased copy number of the whole
or parts of chromosomes 4, 11, 13, and 18 were observed in > or = 50% of
the tumors. Sixteen smallest regions of overlapping changes were
delineated on 12 different chromosomes. The chromosomal copy numbers of
familial/bilateral and sporadic TGCTs were comparable, suggesting
similar genetic pathways to disease in both groups. However, significant
differences were observed between the two main histological subgroups.
Gains from 15q and 22q were associated with seminomas (P = 0.005 and P =
0.02, respectively), whereas gain of the proximal 17q (17q11.2-21) and
high-level amplification from chromosome arm 12p, and losses from 10q
were associated with nonseminomas (P < 0.001, P = 0.04, and P = 0.03,
respectively). Copyright 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
18
UI - 12072204
AU - van Echten J; Timmer A; van der Veen AY; Molenaar WM; de Jong B
TI -
Infantile and adult testicular germ cell tumors. a different
pathogenesis?
SO - Cancer Genet Cytogenet 2002 May;135(1):57-62
AD - Department of Clinical Genetics University Hospital Groningen, The
Netherlands. j.van.echten@og.azg.nl
Most adult testicular germ cell tumors have a characteristic chromosomal
abnormality that is an isochromosome 12p [i(12p)]. Furthermore, these
tumors are characterized by a chromosome number in the triploid range
and gains and losses of (parts of) specific chromosomes. Cytogenetic
investigation of three cases of infantile testicular germ cell tumors,
all diagnosed as yolk sac tumors, revealed highly abnormal karyotypes.
We found one case to be diploid; the other two cases were in the
hypertriploid/hypotetraploid range. Structural abnormalities of
chromosomes 1, 3, and 6 were recurrent and no i(12p) was found. Our
results, together with data from the literature, suggest that infantile
and adult testicular germ cell tumors have a different origin and
pathogenetic pathway. Aberrations of chromosomes 1, 3, and 6 may play an
important role in the pathogenesis of infantile testicular yolk sac
tumors.
19
UI - 12099588
AU - Hampel U; Schleicher E; Freyer R
TI -
Volume image reconstruction for diffuse optical tomography.
SO - Appl Opt 2002 Jul 1;41(19):3816-26
AD - Institut fur Biomedizinische Technik, Technische Universitat Dresden,
Germany. hampel@rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de
Optical tomography is a potential diagnostic method for visualizing
optical properties of tissues in vivo. We present an optical tomography
method that has been designed for imaging of the human testes,
particularly for spectroscopic tumor differentiation. In this
application we need to compute three-dimensional distributions of the
optical contrast (absorption coefficient) in the tissue in real time.
Thus we have given special care to elaborate an efficient inverse
algorithm that takes the limitations of spatial resolution and data
space point density into account. Our inverse solution is based on a
linearization approach and a dedicated object space discretization.
Furthermore, we introduce the concept of fuzzy voxels, which enables a
reconstruction-inherent image smoothing.
20
UI - 11458101
AU - Classen J; Dieckmann KP
TI -
Re: Malignant germ cell tumor of the contralateral testis after
radiotherapy for testicular intraepithelial neoplasia.
SO - J Urol 2001 Aug;166(2):630-1
21
UI - 11982910
AU - Kurosawa K; Fukutani K; Masuno M; Kawame H; Ochiai Y
TI -
Gonadal sex cord stromal tumor in a patient with Rubinstein-Taybi
syndrome.
SO - Pediatr Int 2002 Jun;44(3):330-2
AD - Department of Pediatric,Tokyo Metropolitan Kita Medical Rehabilitation
Center for The Handicapped, Tokyo, Japan. kuroken@ma3.justnet.ne.jp
22
UI - 12010324
AU - Koshida K; Kato H; Mizokami A; Morishita H; Seto C; Komatsu K; Kou E;
TI -
Uchibayashi T; Shiobara S; Namiki M
High-dose chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
for advanced testicular cancer.
SO - Int J Urol 2002 Mar;9(3):146-53
AD - Department of Urology, Division of Transfusion Medicine, School of
Medicine, Kanazawa University, 13-12 Takaramachi, Kanazawa 920-8640,
Japan. tak1019@kenroku.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and
safety of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) for the treatment of patients
with advanced testicular cancer. METHODS: Fourteen patients were treated
with high-dose carboplatin, etoposide and cyclophosphamide (with or
without THP-adriamycin) followed by peripheral blood stem cell
transplantation. The treatment was used for two refractory cases, a
second relapse, and for consolidation after the first relapse in one
case each. It was also used for nine cases as part of the first-line
treatment following primary conventional-dose chemotherapy, and for one
case as the first salvage for a late recurrent tumor of teratoma with
malignant transformation. RESULTS: The first two patients who received
intensive pretreatment with cisplatin-based chemotherapy did not respond
to HDCT. The two patients who were treated with HDCT as the first or
second salvage therapy achieved successful outcomes. The results for the
subsequent nine patients (consisting of two with stage IIIC, five with
IIIB2, one with IIB, and one extragonadal seminoma) were two progressive
disease, three no change and four partial remission. Only three are
alive with NED following salvage surgery. Finally, a case of teratoma
with malignant transformation did not respond well to two cycles of
HDCT. There were no marked adverse reactions except one episode of
severe neutropenic colitis. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrated the
limited efficacy of HDCT even in cases with a good to intermediate risk
rating according to classification by the International Germ Cell Cancer
Collaborative Group. Because treatment for relapse after HDCT is
extremely difficult, new HDCT regimens consisting of drugs that are not
used in induction chemotherapy need to be established.
23
UI - 12010325
AU - Kakehi Y; Kamoto T; Kawakita M; Ogawa O
TI -
Follow-up of clinical stage I testicular cancer patients: cost and risk
benefit considerations.
SO - Int J Urol 2002 Mar;9(3):154-60; discussion 160-1
AD - Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine,
Kyoto, Japan. kakehi@kms.ac.jp
BACKGROUND: Regardless of the way it is managed, a high cure rate has
been achieved for recurrent low-stage testicular cancer. Achieving a
balance between survival and the patient's inconvenience and expense
during follow-up, has therefore become an important issue. METHODS:
Prognoses and recurrence patterns were investigated in 39 patients with
stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (NSGCT), and 82
patients with stage I seminomatous germ cell tumor of the testis (SGCT),
who underwent high orchiectomy between 1970 and 1997 at our institution.
We considered the cost benefits and the risks by reviewing our results
together with other reported results. RESULTS: Patients with clinical
stage I NSGCT under surveillance showed no progression later than 4
years after orchiectomy. The ability to detect progression using chest
X-ray alone appeared very low. There was no infradiaphragmatic
recurrence after adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with stage I SGCT.
Only two of 204 patients showed progression, which included eight of our
patients who underwent two cycles of adjuvant carboplatin therapy.
CONCLUSIONS: Four years of intensive follow-up is probably sufficient
for patients with stage I NSGCT under surveillance, and routine chest
X-rays may be required only during the first year of surveillance. The
benefit of using adjuvant radiotherapy for patients with stage I SGCT is
that we could remove abdominal and pelvic CT scans from the routine
follow-up protocol. Randomized trials will clarify whether the adjuvant
carboplatin therapy is less toxic, provides better prognosis and is more
cost-effective than adjuvant radiotherapy.
24
UI - 12010330
AU - Ohyama C; Kyan A; Satoh M; Saito S; Nishimura Y; Imai Y; Oikawa K;
TI -
Yokoyama J; Suzuki K; Takeuchi M; Hoshi S; Orikasa S
Bilateral testicular tumors: a report of nine cases with long-term
follow-up.
SO - Int J Urol 2002 Mar;9(3):173-7
AD - Department of Urology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 1-1
Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
coyama@uro.med.tohoku.ac.jp
BACKGROUND: The incidence and clinical features of bilateral germ cell
testicular tumor (GCTT) in the Japanese population are not fully
characterized. We examined the incidence, clinical features, management
and outcome, sexual status, hormonal environment, implication of
androgen replacement, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing of
bilateral GCTT. METHODS: We treated nine consecutive patients with
bilateral GCTT from 1980 through to 1999, and reviewed their hospital
and clinic charts. Testosterone, luteinizing hormone, follicle
stimulating hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and
dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate were measured in bilateral orchiectomized
patients. Human leukocyte antigen typing was assessed with peripheral
lymphocyte. RESULTS: The incidence of bilateral GCTT against the total
number of patients with GCTT was 9/274 (3.3%). The median age of the
first tumor was 29 (range 21-75) years. Three cases were synchronous and
the remaining six cases were metachronous. In the case of metachronous
tumor, the median interval between first and contralateral tumor was 8
(range 2-25) years. Standard treatment was defined as surveillance
policy in stage I, chemotherapy for higher stages of non-seminoma, and
radiotherapy for stage II seminoma. Human leukocyte antigen typing was
examined for seven cases. Five cases were positive for HLA-A24. The
incidence of HLA-A24 in bilateral GCTT was identical to that of the
Japanese population. The relapsing incidence of stage I disease with
surveillance policy was almost identical to unilateral GCTT. A
74-year-old patient with stage II seminoma died of the disease at 1.3
years. The other eight patients remained well without any evidence of
recurrence at a median follow-up period of 78 (range 12-204) months.
Four patients with bilateral orchiectomy did not require androgen
replacement without easy fatigability. Sexual status was conserved using
androgen replacement. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term follow-up, as long as 25
years, is recommended for contralateral relapse. Some patients with
bilateral orchiectomy do not require androgen replacement. The
significance of HLA-A24 for bilateral testicular tumor is equivocal in
the Japanese population.
25
UI - 12102165
AU - Nowak R; Grzybowska EA; Wilczynska A; Pykalo R; Siedlecki JA
TI -
Low expression of DNA polymerase beta in human testicular germ cell
tumours--impact on foetal gonocytic origin theory.
SO - Acta Oncol 2002;41(2):188-91
AD - Department of Molecular Biology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial
Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
radka@coi.waw.pl
Different models of pathogenesis of adult testicular germ cell tumours
(TGCTs) are presented. Analysis of telomeric length and DNA polymerase
beta expression suggests that seminoma and nonseminoma, two main
histological types of TGCTs, derive independently from transformed
foetal primordial cells.
26
UI - 12107935
AU - Eschwege P; Benoit G
TI -
[Testicular tumors]
SO - Rev Prat 2002 May 15;52(10):1119-24
AD - Service d'urologie, centre hospitalier universitaire de Bicetre, 94275
Le Kremlin-Bicetre.
27
UI - 12115319
AU - Schmelz HU; Abend M; Kraft K; Hauck EW; Weidner W; Van Beuningen D;
TI -
Sparwasser C
Fas/Fas ligand system and apoptosis induction in testicular carcinoma.
SO - Cancer 2002 Jul 1;95(1):73-81
AD - Department of Urology, Federal Armed Forces Hospital, Ulm, Germany.
hans.u.schmelz@web.de
BACKGROUND: Tumor-infiltrating, Fas ligand (FasL)-expressing lymphocytes
are able to eliminate Fas-bearing tumor cells by apoptosis induction.
Activated cytotoxic T-cells that express Fas may enter apoptosis in the
presence of FasL tumor cells. To date, no studies of patients with
testicular carcinoma have correlated the differential expression of Fas
and FasL in both cell types with the corresponding apoptotic index (AI).
METHODS: Fas and FasL were investigated immunohistochemically in
paraffin embedded tissue sections from 25 patients with nonseminomatous
testicular tumors. The percentages of positive cells and the ratios of
Fas cells to FasL cells were correlated with the AI of tumor cells and
lymphocytes, respectively, using Spearman correlations. RESULTS: No
association was found between the rate of FasL positive cells and AI of
the other cell type or between the rate of Fas positive cells and the AI
of the same cell type. Ratios between Fas positive cells and FasL
positive cells were not correlated with the AI; however, a significant
positive correlation was found between the AI of tumor cells and the AI
of lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: It seems unlikely that the Fas/FasL system
is responsible for immune escape of the tumor in testicular carcinoma.
Rather, the significant positive correlation between the AIs of tumor
cells and lymphocytes implicate a previously unknown mechanism of
apoptosis induction in both cell types. Copyright 2002 American Cancer
Society.
28
UI - 11816610
AU - Cuesta Alcala JA; Arrondo Arrondo JL; Pascual Piedrola I; Zozaya Alvarez
TI -
E; Aldave Villanueva J; Solchaga Martinez A; Ripa Saldias L; Grasa Lanau
V; Ponz Gonzalez M; Ipiens Aznar A
[Differential diagnosis of epididymal leiomyoma. Report of a new case]
SO - Arch Esp Urol 2001 Oct;54(8):823-5
AD - Servicio de Urologia Hospital de Navarra C/Irunlarrea s/n 31008
Pamplona, Espana.
OBJECTIVE: A case of epididymal leiomyoma is presented. This lesion is
uncommon and sometimes misdiagnosed. The literature is briefly reviewed.
METHODS/RESULTS: A 29-year-old patient presented with a tumor in the
tail of the right epididymis that was initially diagnosed as scrotal
hematoma or complex cyst in the tail of the epididymis.
RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound has an important role in distinguishing
testicular from epididymal tumors. However, if the diagnosis is unclear,
surgical resection and subsequent anatomopathological analysis must be
performed.
29
UI - 11774771
AU - Debbagh A; Bennani S; Jouhadi H; Joual A; el Mrini M; Kahlain A;
TI -
Benjelloun S
[Yolk sac tumor. Report of a case]
SO - Ann Urol (Paris) 2001 Nov;35(6):356-8
AD - Service d'urologie, hopital Ibn Rochd, quartier des Hopitaux, 20000
Casablanca, Maroc.
Yolk sac tumor is rare in adult. We report a case in a young man aged of
23 years treated by orchiectomy, chemotherapy and retroperitoneal
lymphadenectomy. Diagnosis is based on pathology who shows other
cellular contingents. Treatment is based on orchiectomy and chemotherapy
is indicated for residula masses. The prognosis is bad because
metastasis is frequent.
30
UI - 11822063
AU - Porcaro AB; Zecchini Antoniolli S; Novella G; Martignoni G; Bassetto MA;
TI -
Poli A; Schiavone D; Tallarigo C; D'Amico A; Ficarra V; Curti P
[Histopathologic risk factors in patients with non-seminomatous germ
tumors of the testis in clinical stage 1. Retrospective study of 75
patients]
SO - Arch Ital Urol Androl 2001 Dec;73(4):177-80
AD - Divisione Clinicizzata di Urologia, Ospedale Policlinico G. Rossi,
Verona, Italia.
OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study was performed to evaluate
histopathologic prognostic risk factors in 75 patients on clinical stage
1 nonseminomatous germ cell cancer of the testis (NSGCTT). METHODS: From
clinical stage 1 disease. Average age was 29.5 years (range 16-71).
After orchiectomy, therapeutic options included retroperitoneal lymph
node dissection (RLND) for 44 patients (58.6%), surveillance for 26
(34.6%) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 5 (6.6%). Testis primary tumor
samples were assessed for studying prognostic risk factors that included
vascular and/or lymphatic invasion (IV/IL+), percentage of embryonal
carcinoma (%EC) and absence of yolk sac tumor (YS-). RESULTS: All
patients were alive and disease-free. The average age follow-up was 84.5
months (range 1-254). Relapses occurred in 11 (14.6%) patients after an
average follow-up of 9.09 months (range 3-24). Prognostic risk factors
were detected as follows: IV/IL+ in 17 cases (22.7%), (50-80%) EC in 23
(30.6%), CE% > 80 in 23 (30.6%), YS- in 55 (72%). In 8 (10.6%) patients
there was not any prognostic risk factor. Disease relapse related to
prognostic risk factors was detected as follows: 18.1% for VI/LI, 90.9%
for EC% > 50 (27.2% for 50-80% EC and 63.6% for CE% > 80) and 90.9% for
YS-. Relapsing rates between patients with EC% > 80 and 50-80% EC
resulted statistically significant (p = 0.02, odds ratio = 12.25).
Relapsing rates between patients on surveillance and those who underwent
RLND was next to be significant (p = 0.05, odds ratio 3.68).
CONCLUSIONS: EC% > 80 is a prognostic risk factor for disease relapse in
patients with clinical stage 1 NSGCT who are selected in a high risk
group requiring RPLND or neoadjuvant chemotherapy as therapeutical
option.
31
UI - 11981629
AU - Lee JK; Kim SH; Kim JH; Kim IY; Kim TS; Jung S; Kang SS; Lee JH; Lee MC
TI -
Metastatic spinal cord compression of testicular yolk sac tumor.
SO - Childs Nerv Syst 2002 Apr;18(3-4):171-4
AD - Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Hospital and
Medical School, 8 Hak-dong, Dong-ku, Gwangju, 501-757, South Korea.
jklee@cnuh.chonnam.ac.kr
INTRODUCTION: Pediatric testicular tumors are rare. Spinal metastasis of
testicular yolk sac tumor (YST) is extremely rare, with only one
reported case. CASE REPORT: We report a rare case of metastatic spinal
cord compression of testicular YST in a 14-month-old boy who presented
with progressive paraparesis and neurological bladder dysfunction. Two
months prior to admission, he underwent a left radical orchiectomy for
YST of the testis. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed severe spinal
cord compression by the ventral epidural mass from T-9 to T-11 and at
S-3. Emergency surgical resection was performed for tissue diagnosis and
spinal decompression. Histopathological features of the epidural mass
indicated metastasis of the testicular YST. CONCLUSION: Although spinal
involvement with metastatic YST is rare, it must be considered in
children with testicular YST exhibiting evidence of pain or weakness,
and surgical decompression followed by adjuvant chemotherapy should not
be delayed.
32
UI - 12037681
AU - Qiao D; Zeeman AM; Deng W; Looijenga LH; Lin H
TI -
Molecular characterization of hiwi, a human member of the piwi gene
family whose overexpression is correlated to seminomas.
SO - Oncogene 2002 Jun 6;21(25):3988-99
AD - Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, PO Box 3709,
DUMC, Durham, North Carolina, NC 27710, USA.
The piwi family genes are highly conserved during evolution and play
essential roles in stem cell self-renewal, gametogenesis, and RNA
interference in diverse organisms ranging from Drosophila melanogaster
and C. elegans to Arabidopsis. Here we report the molecular
characterization of hiwi, a human member of the piwi gene family. hiwi
maps to the long arm of chromosome 12, band 12q24.33, a genomic region
that displays genetic linkage to the development of testicular germ cell
tumors of adolescents and adults (TGCTs), i.e., seminomas and
nonseminomas. In addition, gain of this chromosomal region has been
found in some TGCTs. hiwi encodes a 3.6 kb mRNA that is expressed
abundantly in the adult testis. It encodes a highly basic 861-amino-acid
protein that shares significant homology throughout its entire length
with other members of the PIWI family proteins in Drosophila, C. elegans
and mammals. In normal human testes, hiwi is specifically expressed in
germline cells, with its expression detectable in spermatocytes and
round spermatids during spermatogenesis. No expresssion was observed in
testicular tumors of somatic origin, such as Sertoli cell and Leydig
cell tumors. Enhanced expression was found in 12 out of 19 sampled
testicular seminomas-tumors originating from embryonic germ cells with
retention of germ cell phenotype. In contrast, no enhanced expression
was detected in 10 nonseminomas-testicular tumors that originate from
the same precursor cells as seminomas yet have lost their germ cell
characteristics. Finally, no enhanced expression was detected in four
spermatocytic seminomas-testicular tumors that most likely originate
from germ cells capable of partial meiosis. Thus, hiwi is specifically
expressed in both normal and malignant spermatogenic cells in a
maturation stage-dependent pattern, in which it might function in germ
cell proliferation.
33
UI - 12085204
AU - Fizazi K; Prow DM; Do KA; Wang X; Finn L; Kim J; Daliani D; Papandreou
TI -
CN; Tu SM; Millikan RE; Pagliaro LC; Logothetis CJ; Amato RJ
Alternating dose-dense chemotherapy in patients with high volume
disseminated non-seminomatous germ cell tumours.
SO - Br J Cancer 2002 May 20;86(10):1555-60
AD - Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.
D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. fizazi@igr.fr
Only about half of patients with a poor-prognosis non-seminomatous
germ-cell tumours can achieve a cure. The aim of this phase II study was
to assess the efficacy and toxicity of a dose-dense alternating
chemotherapy regimen in this subset of patients. High volume
non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours was defined as follows: at least two
sites of non pulmonary metastases, an extragonadal primary tumour, a
serum human chorionic gonadotropin level higher than 10 000 mIU x
ml(-1), or a alpha-foetoprotein level higher than 2000 mIU ml(-1).
Patients who fulfilled these criteria were treated with the so-called
BOP-CISCA-POMB-ACE regimen (bleomycin, vincristine, and cisplatin;
cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin; cisplatin, vincristine,
methotrexate, and bleomycin; etoposide, dactinomycin, and
cyclophosphamide) plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. A total of
58 patients were enrolled. Patients were retrospectively classified
according to the International Germ-Cell Cancer Consensus Group
classification; 38 patients (66%) had poor-prognosis disease and 19
patients (33%) had intermediate-prognosis. Patients received a median of
2.5 courses (range 0.25 to five courses) of the BOP-CISCA-POMB-ACE
regimen. Forty-two patients (72.4%) had a complete response to therapy.
With a median follow-up time of 31 months, the 3-year progression-free
survival rate was 71% (95% confidence interval, 60 to 84%) and the
3-year overall survival rate was 73% (95% confidence interval: 62 to
86%). The 3-year PFS rates were 83% (95% confidence interval: 68 to
100%) in the intermediate-prognosis group and 65% (95% confidence
interval: 51 to 82%) in the poor-prognosis group. Early side effects
included mainly grade 4 haematologic toxicity (neutropaenia in 79% of
patients, thrombocytopaenia in 69%, anaemia in 22%), grade 4 stomatitis
(19%), and four early deaths (7% of patients), at least partially
related to toxicity. The dose-dense BOP-CISCA-POMB-ACE regimen is highly
active in patients with non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours classified as
intermediate-prognosis or poor-prognosis according to the International
Germ-Cell Cancer Consensus Group. Because outcomes with this regimen
compare favourably with outcome after standard therapy, dose-dense
chemotherapy should be further investigated in this subset of patients.
comCopyright 2002 Cancer Research UK
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