Cancer Types   /   Gynecologic Cancers   /   Cervical Cancer   /   NCI Resources

NCI CANCERLIT^® Search: Diagnosis-Histopathology-Pathogenesis of Cervical Cancer - October 2002

Print PDF

National Cancer Institute^®
Last Modified: October 1, 2002

• Two-stage cervical cancer screening: an alternative for resource-poor settings.

• Low-cost technology for screening uterine cervical cancer.

• Downstaging of cervical cancer.

• Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix: global and national perspective.

• An epidemiological survey of carcinoma cervix in north Bengal zone.

• Estrogen-progestogen combination for contraception.

• The roles of estrogen and progesterone in breast and genital cancer.

• Detection of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.

• Complications of systemic oral contraceptive therapy: neoplasm - breast, uterus, cervix and vagina.

• Maternal and child health.

• [Vaginal contraception. Pt. 1 (author's transl)]

• Statement on injectable contraception.

• [Oral contraceptives: recent safety studies (author's transl)]

• The pill and cancer--IPPF response.

• Researchers can now investigate long-term effects of OCs on cancer.

• Cancer and the pill--some recent findings.

• [A study on the association between the use of oral contraception and cancer of the breast or cervix: preliminary findings of a French study]

• [Cancers of the uterus and ovary and the contraceptive pill]

• [The cervix and hormonal contraception]

• [Duration of use for stainless steel ring--15 years of follow-up for 6250 cases]

• Oral contraceptives and cancer of the reproductive organs.

• Most clinicians feel DES exposure does not contraindicate OC use.

• The impact of HIV on women: gynecology, pregnancy, and family planning considerations.

• Veto -- or threat thereof -- prevails over majority as 102nd Congress adjourns.

• FDA gives final approval to Depo amid concerns over safety, cost and coercion.

• Contraception and the big "C".

• Oral contraception: where do we stand?

• OCs and genital tract malignancies.

• Control of cervical cancer in Brazil.

• Cervical cytologic profile of family planning acceptors aged around thirty years.

• Control of fertility with oral medication.

• Carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. (Letter to the editor).

• Cervical cancer screening.

• Carcinoma of the cervix: an epidemiologic study.

• [Of the cervix intra-epithelial cancer in pill users and non-users]

• [Possible link between long-term oral contraceptive use and cervical cancer]

• HIV Infection in Women conference.

• Serum copper levels in different stages of carcinoma cervix uteri.

• Motherhood: making it safer for Filipino women.

• Preventing cervical cancer.

• Ethical, moral and philosophical aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology.

• Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives.

• Men's sexual behaviour affects their wives' risk of cervical cancer.

• Cancer of the cervix: a training guide to promote awareness.

• South Africa project provides cervical cancer screening.

• Reproductive cancers: women's access to screening services.

• Accessibility of breast and cervical cancer services in Malaysia.

• Cayman Islands: cervical cancer increases.

• Screening for breast and cervical cancer in Europe. Hungary.

• Antigen-driven T-cell selection in patients with cervical cancer as evidenced by T-cell receptor analysis and recognition of autologous

• Consider condoms for the woman at high risk of cervical cancer.

• Impact of changes in China's urban mortality on the average life expectancy.

• Cervical cancer control in Korea: colposcopy / cervicograph / cytology.

• Cervical cancer risk among Jamaican women [abstract]

• Screening for cervical cancer in Jamaica.

• Use of DMPA and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in Kingston, Jamaica [abstract]

• A health scare in the mass media.

• Cancer cervix -- a retrospective study.

• Updates and controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of CIN.

• Girding for the new millennium.

• Detailed account of confounding factors in interpretation of FTIR spectra of exfoliated cervical cells.

• A prospective study of high-grade cervical neoplasia risk among human papillomavirus-infected women.

• Association of oral contraceptive use and human papillomaviruses in invasive cervical cancers.

• Risk factors for in situ cervical cancer: results from a case-control study.

• Oral contraceptive use and risk of invasive cervical cancer.

• Injectable contraceptives and risk of invasive cervical cancer: evidence of an association.

• Oral contraceptive use, human papillomavirus infection, and risk of early cytological abnormalities of the cervix.

• Oral contraceptive use and invasive cervical cancer.

• Risk factors for invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix in Latin America.

• The effect of condom use on cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN I).

• Relative and attributable risk for cervical cancer: a comparative study in the United States and Italy.

• Are barrier methods protective against cervical cancer?

• Barrier and spermicidal contraceptive methods and risk of invasive cervical cancer.

• First coitus before menarche and risk of sexually transmitted disease.

• Oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia.

• Prevalence of HPV cervical infection in a family planning clinic determined by polymerase chain reaction and dot blot hybridisation.

• Invasive cervical cancer and intrauterine device use.

• Worldwide variations in the lifetime probability of reproductive cancer in women: implications of best-case, worst-case, and likely-case

• Human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Nairobi prostitutes.

• Barrier methods of contraception and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

• Oral contraceptives and human papillomavirus infection in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

• Risk factors for cervical cancer in Colombia and Spain.

• Oral contraceptive use and the incidence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

• Risk targeting in cervical screening: a new look at an old problem.

• Oral contraceptive use and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

• Oral contraceptives and cancer of the cervix uteri. A meta-analysis.

• Age, socio-economic status and survival from cancer of cervix in the West of Scotland 1980-87.

• Epidemiologic evidence showing that human papillomavirus infection causes most cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

• Uptake of cervical screening.

• Factors associated with awareness and knowledge of cervical cancer in a community: implication for health education programmes in developing

• Cytological studies in women using different types of hormonal contraceptives.

• Risk of carcinogenesis among pill users.

• Copper containing intrauterine devices and cervical carcinogenesis--48 months follow up.

• The effect of condom use on squamous cell cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

• Structural variations of cervical cancer and its precursors under the influence of exogenous hormones.

• Role of hormones including diethylstibestrol (DES) in the pathogenesis of cervical and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia.

• A review of problems of bias and confounding in epidemiologic studies of cervical neoplasia and oral contraceptive use.

• Metaphase-arrest technique applied to human cervical epithelium. II. Cell production rates in normal and pathological cervical epithelium.

• Case control study of cervical cancer in Herrera Province, Republic of Panama.

• Epidemiologic study of risk factors in cancer of the cervix uteri in Thai women.

• Prevalence of cervical neoplasia and infection in women using intrauterine contraceptive devices.

• Long-term use of oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia: an association confounded by other risk factors?

• The epidemiology of cervical neoplasia.

• Invasive cervical cancer and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives.

• [Occurrence and histological structure of adenocarcinoma of the endocervix after long-term use of oral contraceptives (author's transl)]

• [Epidemiologic factors in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III in our experience]

• Long-term cytologic studies of copper-IUD users.

• Oral contraceptives and cervical neoplasia: pooled information from retrospective and prospective epidemiologic studies.

• The current status of the DES-exposed population.

• Epidemiology of cervical cancer by cell type.

• Squamous and adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix: a comparison using routine data.

• [Statistical approach to cervical and vaginal cytology during contraception]

• Cervical cancer in association with intrauterine contraceptive devices.

• [Epidemiologic study of carcinoma in situ of the cervix]

• The role of contraceptive use in cervical cancer: the Maryland Cervical Cancer Case-Control Study.

• A retrospective review of cervical cytology in women developing invasive squamous cell carcinoma.

• Risk factors for invasive cervical cancer among Latinas and non-Latinas in Los Angeles County.

• [The pill and cancer of the breast and cervix uteri]

• Oral contraceptives and cancer.

• Cancers of the cervix uteri and breast: changes in incidence rates in Bombay over the last two decades.

• [Analysis of the association between previous contraceptive use and the incidence of cervico-uterine cancer in women from the northern and

• On the origin and histological structure of adenocarcinoma of the endocervix in women under 50 years of age.

• Changing pattern of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia seen in a family planning clinic.

• Smoking and oral contraception in cancer of the cervix.

• Cervical cancer and oral contraceptives.

• Neoplasia of the cervix uteri and contraception: a possible adverse effect of the pill.

• Oral contraceptives and neoplasia.

• Oral contraceptives and cervical carcinoma in situ in Chile.

• Updated approach to screening for cervical cancer in older women.

• Risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the cervix: a case-control study.

• Expression of major histocompatibility class II antigens by Langerhans' cells in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.

• Cervical cancer risk and use of depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate in Costa Rica.

• Invasive cervical cancer and smoking in Latin America.

• Pills, partners and preventive prospects: in-situ cancer of the cervix.

• Sexual, reproductive and contraceptive risk factors for carcinoma-in-situ of the uterine cervix in Sydney.

• Risk factors for cervical cancer in Greenland and Denmark: a population-based cross-sectional study.

• Sexual activity, contraception, genital infections, and cervical cancer: support for a sexually transmitted disease hypothesis.

• Differences in biologic maturation, sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted disease between adolescents with and without cervical

• Carcinoma of the cervix and oral contraceptives: epidemiological studies.

• Regional distribution of human papillomavirus DNA and other risk factors for invasive cervical cancer in Panama.

• Barrier methods of contraception and the risk of cervical neoplasia.

• Hormonal contraceptives, human papillomaviruses and cervical cancer; some observations from a colposcopy clinic.

• Colposcopy in a family planning clinic: a future model?

• [Oral contraceptives and cancer]

• Human papillomavirus and invasive cervical cancer in Brazil.

• [Demand for abortion. Detection of cervical cancer and precancerous lesions]

• Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus infection among Senegalese women seropositive for HIV-1 or HIV-2 or seronegative

• Is Trichomonas vaginalis a cause of cervical neoplasia? Results from a combined analysis of 24 studies.

• Risk factors for invasive cervical cancer in Kenyan women.

• Correlation of cervical cancer mortality with reproductive and dietary factors, and serum markers in China.

• Prevalence and standardized incidence rates of preclinical cervical pathology among 1,061 women sterilized with transcervical quinacrine

• Effect of a mobile unit on changes in knowledge and use of cervical cancer screening among rural Thai women.

• Sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, and risk of cervical cancer.

• Incidence, mortality and survival in cancer of the cervix in Bangalore, India.

• Prostitution, condom use, and invasive squamous cell cervical cancer in Thailand.

• Screening for cervical cancer.

• Trends in cervical cancer mortality in South Africa.

• Cervical cancer control in developing countries: memorandum from a WHO meeting.

• [Cervical cancer in developing countries. A threat to reproductive health]

• Sociodemographic factors of Pap smear screening in Taiwan.

• Case-control study of risk factors for cervical squamous cell neoplasia in Denmark. IV: role of smoking habits.

• Introduction to the special issue: timely detection of cervical cancer.

• Trends in cervical cancer mortality in the Americas.

• Use of the Pap test by a population group in Buenos Aires.

• Limited education as a risk factor in cervical cancer.

• Comparison of the cervical cytology test using the PAPNET method and conventional microscopy.

• Workshop on screening for cancer of the uterine cervix in Central America.

• Cervical cancer screening programs: technical cooperation in the Caribbean.

• Program for the control of cervical cancer in Peru.

• Cervical cancer screening in the Bahamas.

• Human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer in Brazil: a retrospective study.

• Indian study of women with cervical lesions called unethical.

• Sexual risk factors for cervical cancer among rural Indian women: a case-control study.

• A sero-epidemiological study of the relationship between sexually transmitted agents and cervical cancer in Honduras.

• Evaluation of cervical cancer screening programme in the Harare City Health Department, Zimbabwe.

• Cervical cancer screening in a rural population of Zimbabwe.

• Cystoscopic staging of carcinoma uterine cervix, revisited.

• Human papillomavirus and human immunodeficiency virus infections: relation with cervical dysplasia-neoplasia in African women.

• Knowledge and attitude of general outpatient attendants in Nigeria to cervical cancer.

• Can the number of cigarettes smoked predict high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among women with mildly abnormal cervical

• Women's attitudes to and awareness of smear testing and cervical cancer.

• Detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in developing countries.

• A mobile unit: an effective service for cervical cancer screening among rural Thai women.

• [Role of the obstetric nurse in the Anhanguera community, Campo Grande (MS), in the prevention of cervical cancer]

• Relationship between expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 and invasion ability of cervical cancer cells.

• [Sentinel lymph nodes in gynecologic cancers]

• [Standards, options and recommendations for the management of patients with invasive cancer of the cervix uterus (non-metastatic stage),

• Genetic alterations in cervical carcinomas: frequent low-level amplifications of oncogenes are associated with human papillomavirus

• Incidence of cervical dyskaryosis in Ireland: report of a five-year audit.

• Loss of transporter protein, encoded by the TAP-1 gene, is highly correlated with loss of HLA expression in cervical carcinomas.

• Differences in MHC and TAP-1 expression in cervical cancer lymph node metastases as compared with the primary tumours.

• Frequency of down-regulation of individual HLA-A and -B alleles in cervical carcinomas in relation to TAP-1 expression.

• Multiple mechanisms underlie HLA dysregulation in cervical cancer.

• Antigen processing defects in cervical carcinomas limit the presentation of a CTL epitope from human papillomavirus 16 E6.

• [Recommendations of GESIDA/Spanish National Plan of AIDS on diagnosis and treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma and cervical cancer in HIV-infected

• High-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion during pregnancy.

• Revised guidelines for cervical cancer, asthma screening.

• Cervical cancer screening among Chinese women.

• [Apoptosis and uterine cervical carcinogenesis]

• Molecular cloning and immunogenicity of renal cell carcinoma-associated antigen G250.

• Surrogate biomarkers of HPV infection in cervical neoplasia screening and diagnosis.

• Immunohistochemical staining in the distinction between primary endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinomas: another viewpoint.

• Distinction between endometrial and endocervical adenocarcinoma.

• Guidelines for the treatment of recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer.

• [Histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis (proliferating cel nuclear antigen) of patients with invasive cervical carcinoma before and

• External quality assessment in gynaecological cytology: The Trent Region experience. The Trent Regional Gynaecological Pathology Quality

• Do borderline nuclear changes in gynaecological cytology constitute a reliable reporting category?

• Identification of the MN antigen as a diagnostic biomarker of cervical intraepithelial squamous and glandular neoplasia and cervical

• MN and Ki67 (MIB-1) in uterine cervix carcinoma: novel biomarkers with divergent utility.

• [Imaging of the cervix and the vagina]

• [Polymorphism in codon 72 of the p53 gene and cervico-uterine cancer risk in Mexico]

• Human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical cancer.

• Screening for cancer of the cervix.

• Report of a National Workshop on Screening for Cancer of the Cervix.

• Report of a national workshop on screening for cancer of the cervix.

• Report of a national workshop on screening for cancer of the cervix.

• Ploidy and chromatin pattern analysis as an aid for cervical smear diagnosis.

• Evaluation of human papillomavirus testing in primary screening for cervical abnormalities: comparison of sensitivity, specificity, and

• Personal view. Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears? Authors' reply.

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Is it reality or an illusion that liquid-based cytology is better than conventional cervical smears?

• Design and methods of the evaluation of an HPV-based cervical cancer screening strategy in Mexico: The Morelos HPV Study.

• [Diagnostic potential of fiberoptic cervico-hysteroscopy with morphologic examination of biopsied tissues in endometrial and cervical

• Prevalence and risk factors of sexually transmitted infections and cervical neoplasia in women's health clinics in Nicaragua.

• A systematic literature review of the effectiveness of community-based strategies to increase cervical cancer screening.

• Does cervical cancer screening do more harm than good?

• Ignore smears against cervical screening.

• [The value of colposcopy and computerised colposcopy in diagnosis and therapeutic management of CIN and early invasive cervical cancer in

• [Analysis of clinical usefulness of the cytologic smear results for pregnant women using the Bethesda system]

• [Precancerous lesions and cervical cancer vs HPV infection in pregnant women--cytological assessment]

• Costs and benefits of different strategies to screen for cervical cancer in less-developed countries.

• Distinct BAG-1 isoforms have different anti-apoptotic functions in BAG-1-transfected C33A human cervical carcinoma cell line.

• Overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix treated

• Methylation and silencing of the retinoic acid receptor-beta 2 gene in cervical cancer.

• De novo establishment and cost-effectiveness of Papanicolaou cytology screening services in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

• Routine audit is an ethical requirement of screening.

• Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha in oligodendrogliomas: its impact on prognosis and on neoangiogenesis.

• HPV and pregnancy: diagnostic methods, transmission and evolution.

• [Cervical cytologic reports of ASCUS and LSIL. Cyto-histological correlation and implication for management]

• Cancer biology may be more important than diagnostic delay.

• Pap smear grading system overhaul aims to eliminate confusion.

• The adequacy of the Papanicolaou smear. Canadian Society of Cytology.

• Papanicolaou smear.

• Counting and discounting gained life-years.

• Cancer screening among community health center women: eliminating the gaps.

• Proposed legislation would expand Medicare Pap test coverage.

• The impact of pre-therapy extraperitoneal surgical staging on the evaluation and treatment of patients with locally advanced cervical

• HPV DNA detection by in situ hybridization with catalyzed signal amplification on thin-layer cervical smears.

• Breast and cervical cancer surveillance, United States, 1973-1987.

• Cancer screening behaviors among U.S. women: breast cancer, 1987-1989, and cervical cancer, 1988-1989.

• A recurrent human papillomavirus integration site at chromosome region 12q14-q15 in SW756 and SK-v cell lines derived from genital tumors.

• Trends in self-reported use of mammograms (1989-1997) and Papanicolaou tests (1991-1997)--Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.

• Visualization techniques (colposcopy, direct visual inspection, and spectroscopic and other visual methods). Summary of task force 7.

• Cervical cancer screening: are the 1989 recommendations still valid? National Workshop on Screening for Cancer of the Cervix.

• Why is there no progress against cervical cancer?

• Progress in screening for cervical cancer.

• Progress in screening for cervical cancer.

1
UI - 10942474
AU - Denny L; Kuhn L; Risi L; Richart RM; Pollack A; Lorincz A; Kostecki F;
TI - Wright TC Jr Two-stage cervical cancer screening: an alternative for resource-poor settings.
SO - Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000 Aug;183(2):383-8
AD - Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
OBJECTIVE: We sought to introduce 2-stage cervical cancer screening in which 2 screening tests are performed sequentially (the second test is performed only if the first result is positive), followed by treatment if both test results are abnormal. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 1423 women from Cape Town, South Africa, were screened by direct visual inspection, human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing, cytologic testing, and cervicography. If an abnormality was identified with any test, women were referred for colposcopy. RESULTS: Direct visual inspection, cytologic testing, human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing, and cervicography, when used alone, identified 24, 26, 23, and 23 cases of disease (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion or cancer) per 1000 women, respectively, and would classify 182, 71, 137, and 112 women without disease as having abnormal results. Two-stage screening with direct visual inspection first, followed by cytologic testing, human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid testing, or cervicography, would detect 18, 16, and 18 cases per 1000 women, respectively, and would substantially reduce the number of women without disease who were classified as having abnormal results. CONCLUSION: Two-stage screening for cervical cancer provides an attractive alternative to conventional screening for low-resource settings.

2
UI - 10994279
AU - Parashari A; Singh V; Sehgal A; Satyanarayana L; Sodhani P; Gupta MM
TI - Low-cost technology for screening uterine cervical cancer.
SO - Bull World Health Organ 2000;78(8):964-7
AD - Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology, New Delhi, India.
We report on an illuminated, low-cost (Rs 1500 (US$ 36)) magnifying device (Magnivisualizer) for detecting precancerous lesions of the uterine cervix. A total of 403 women attending a maternal and child health care clinic who had abnormal vaginal discharge and related symptoms were referred for detailed pelvic examination and visual inspection by means of the device after the application of 5% (v/v) acetic acid. Pap smears were obtained at the same time. The results were compared with those obtained using colposcopy and/or histology. The Magnivisualizer improved the detection rate of early cancerous lesions from 60%, for unaided visual inspection, to 95%. It also permitted detection of 58% of cases of low-grade dysplasia and 83% of cases of high-grade dysplasia; none of these cases were detectable by unaided visual inspection. For low-grade dysplasia the sensitivity of detection by means of the Magnivisualizer was 57.5%, in contrast with 75.3% for cytological examination. However, the two methodologies had similar sensitivities for higher grades of lesions. The specificity of screening with the Magnivisualizer was 94.3%, while that of cytology was 99%. The cost per screening was approximately US$ 0.55 for the Magnivisualizer and US$ 1.10 for cytology.

3
UI - 11016148
AU - Ananth R
TI - Downstaging of cervical cancer.
SO - J Indian Med Assoc 2000 Feb;98(2):41-4
Globally cervical cancer is the fifth most common cancer and of estimated 460,000 new cases each year three quarters occur in developing countries. In India annually 16% of the world's total cases occur and only 5% are reported in the early stages. Downstaging is defined as a process of screening for cancer using clinical approaches for early detection of this disease. This is distinct from screening test and results in detection of the disease at a less advanced stage in the absence of screening. This experimental approach is applicable in developing countries where cytological screening is not possible in the near future. In this method paramedical staff trained for minimum period will be able to identify any abnormality including suspicious cervix and refer the case early to centres where facilities exist for treatment of premalignant and malignant lesions, including educating the women regarding risk factors, symptoms of the disease and prophylaxis. This experimental methodology recommended by WHO for developing countries like India has to be evaluated by monitoring various ongoing projects where visual inspection screening method is used. The results are collected which include feasibility, compliance, costing, referral methodology, difficulties in implementation, specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value and drawbacks. The methodology of visual inspection and modified aided visual inspection, frequency and results of various studies in the Indian scenario is for recommendation of downstaging in MCH care. This is to be implemented in rural areas taking into consideration their cultural background and available infrastructure since cytology screening is not possible to cover even 20% of the existing cases in the near future.

4
UI - 11016150
AU - Shanta V; Krishnamurthi S; Gajalakshmi CK; Swaminathan R; Ravichandran K
TI - Epidemiology of cancer of the cervix: global and national perspective.
SO - J Indian Med Assoc 2000 Feb;98(2):49-52
AD - Cancer Institute (WIA), Chennai.
Cancer of the uterine cervix is one of the leading causes of cancer death among women worldwide. The estimated new cancer cervix cases per year is 500,000 of which 79% occur in the developing countries. Cancer cervix occupies either the top rank or second among cancers in women in the developing countries, whereas in the affluent countries cancer cervix does not even find a place in the top 5 leading cancers in women. The truncated rate (TR) in the age group 35-64 years in Chennai, India, is even higher (99.1/100,000; 1982-95) than rate reported from Cali, Colombia (77.4/100,000, 1987-91). The cervical cancer burden in India alone is estimated as 100,000 in 2001 AD. The differential pattern of cervical cancer and the wide variation in incidence are possibly related to environmental differences. Aetiologic association and possible risk factors for cervical carcinoma have been extensively studied. The factors are: Sexual and reproductive factors, socio-economic factors (education and income), viruses e.g., herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in cervical carcinogenesis and other factors like smoking, diet, oral contraceptives, hormones, etc. The accumulated evidence suggests that cervical cancer is preventable and is highly suitable for primary prevention. Sexual hygiene, use of barrier contraceptives and ritual circumcision can undoubtedly reduce cervical cancer incidence. Education, cervical cancer screening of high risk groups and improvement in socio-economic status can reduce cervical cancer morbidity and mortality significantly.

5
UI - 11016153
AU - Bhattacharyya SK; Basu S; Banerjee S; Dastidar AG; Bagchi SR
TI - An epidemiological survey of carcinoma cervix in north Bengal zone.
SO - J Indian Med Assoc 2000 Feb;98(2):60-1, 66
AD - Department of Radiotherapy, North Bengal Medical College & Hospital, Darjeeling.
Correlation between various epidemiological factors and carcinoma cervix patients in North Bengal zone has been studied for the first time. Significant correlation between elderly women (41-50 years age group), low socio-economic status (SES), first coitus before 17 years of age, low literacy rate and this illness has been established. Suggestion has been made for improvement of the picture. Oncology and radiotherapy department of North Bengal Medical College and Hospital should be utilised as the centre for National Cancer Registration Project in North Bengal zone.

6
UI - 12255037
AU - Hertz R; Bailar JC 3RD
TI - Estrogen-progestogen combination for contraception.
SO - J Am Med Assoc 1966 November 28;198(9):136-42

7
UI - 12332236
AU - Wilson RA
TI - The roles of estrogen and progesterone in breast and genital cancer.
SO - J Am Med Assoc 1962 October 27;182(4):327-31

8
UI - 12332978
AU - Koss LG
TI - Detection of carcinoma of the uterine cervix.
SO - J Am Med Assoc 1972 November 6;222(6):699-700

9
UI - 12333972
AU - Sperling MA
TI - Complications of systemic oral contraceptive therapy: neoplasm - breast, uterus, cervix and vagina.
SO - West J Med Surg 1975 January;122(1):42-9

10
UI - 12334743
AU - Sebastian EV
TI - Maternal and child health.
SO - Cent Call 1976 November;11(11):3-7

11
UI - 12336893
AU - Keith L; Berger GS; Jackson M
TI - [Vaginal contraception. Pt. 1 (author's transl)]
SO - Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1981 Apr;9(4):253-60

12
UI - 12338511
AU - International Planned Parenthood Federation IPPF
TI - Statement on injectable contraception.
SO - IPPF Med Bull 1982 Dec;16(6):3-4

13
UI - 12279633
AU - Edgren RA
TI - [Oral contraceptives: recent safety studies (author's transl)]
SO - Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1983 Sep;11(9):975-83

14
UI - 12279693
AU - Anonymous
TI - The pill and cancer--IPPF response.
SO - IPPF Med Bull 1983 Dec;17(6):1-2

15
UI - 12279918
AU - Rubin GL; Peterson HB
TI - Researchers can now investigate long-term effects of OCs on cancer.
SO - Contracept Technol Update 1985 Jan;6(1):7-12

16
UI - 12339856
AU - Vessey MP
TI - Cancer and the pill--some recent findings.
SO - J Obstet Gynaecol 1984 Jan;4(Suppl 1):S52-6

17
UI - 12280145
AU - Le MG; Bachelot A; Doyen F; Kramar A
TI - [A study on the association between the use of oral contraception and cancer of the breast or cervix: preliminary findings of a French study]
SO - Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1985 Mar;13(3):553-8

18
UI - 12280204
AU - Vessey MP
TI - [Cancers of the uterus and ovary and the contraceptive pill]
SO - Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1985 Jan;13(1 Suppl):339-43

19
UI - 12340276
AU - Gorins A
TI - [The cervix and hormonal contraception]
SO - Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1985 Jul-Aug;13(7-8):895-9

20
UI - 12267399
AU - Zhuang LQ; Yang BY
TI - [Duration of use for stainless steel ring--15 years of follow-up for 6250 cases]
SO - Shengzhi Yu Biyun 1983 Aug;3(3):36-40
This study was to observe the longterm safety in using stainless steel ring (metal ring). 6250 cases have been followed up for 15 years. The net cumulative pregnancy rate was 5.51, expulsion rate 17.74, rate of removal due to medical reasons 21.74, continuation rate 6.48/women (life table) after 15 years of insertion. Events took place more frequently in the 1st year of insertion, gradually decreased in the second, and tended to be stabilized to a low level thereafter. The removal rate for nonmedical reasons had been increasing with the increase in the period of insertion. 5 cases of cervical cancer and 2 of endometrial carcinoma occurred within the 15 years of observation. The incidence was not higher than that in the 1971-72 general survey at Shanghai. Among the 6250 cases, there were 43 cases (0.85%) of removal due to infection, and 9 cases of ectopic pregnancy, of which 6 cases occurred within the first 2 years of insertion, and 2 cases of intraperitoneal metal ring were found but with no severe complications. The duration of using the metal ring was also discussed. According to clinical and pathological observations, the metal ring did not increase the risk of uterine cancer and caused only a few mild complications. Therefore, it can be used for 15-20 years, provided there are no clinical symptoms. The relationship between the IUD and ectopic or PID remains to be further explored.

21
UI - 12267511
AU - Huezo C
TI - Oral contraceptives and cancer of the reproductive organs.
SO - IPPF Med Bull 1985 Dec;19(6):3-4

22
UI - 12341549
AU - Anonymous
TI - Most clinicians feel DES exposure does not contraindicate OC use.
SO - Contracept Technol Update 1987 Oct;8(10):127-9

23
UI - 12317731
AU - Tannenbaum I
TI - The impact of HIV on women: gynecology, pregnancy, and family planning considerations.
SO - SIECUS Rep 1992 Jun-Jul;20(5):12-4

24
UI - 12317790
AU - Anonymous
TI - Veto -- or threat thereof -- prevails over majority as 102nd Congress adjourns.
SO - Wash Memo Alan Guttmacher Inst 1992 Oct 12;(15):2-4

25
UI - 12344620
AU - Anonymous
TI - FDA gives final approval to Depo amid concerns over safety, cost and coercion.
SO - Wash Memo Alan Guttmacher Inst 1992 Nov 12;(17):2-3

26
UI - 12345024
AU - Chandran R
TI - Contraception and the big "C".
SO - Malays J Reprod Health 1992 Jun;10(1):1-5

27
UI - 12287020
AU - Diczfalusy E
TI - Oral contraception: where do we stand?
SO - Contemp Rev Obstet Gynaecol 1992 Jul;4(3):148-53

28
UI - 12345575
AU - Herbst AL
TI - OCs and genital tract malignancies.
SO - Dialogues Contracept 1994 Summer;4(3):5-7

29
UI - 12318981
AU - Pinotti JA; Carvalho JP; Nisida AC
TI - Control of cervical cancer in Brazil.
SO - Arch AIDS Res 1994;8(3-4):199-207

30
UI - 12288487
AU - Agrawal A; Swain S; Dubey S; Rastogi BL
TI - Cervical cytologic profile of family planning acceptors aged around thirty years.
SO - Indian J Matern Child Health 1992 Apr-Jun;3(2):43-7

31
UI - 12305556
AU - Diddle AW; Watts GF; Gardner WH; Williamson PJ
TI - Control of fertility with oral medication.
SO - West J Surg Obstet Gynecol 1964 July-August;72():222-9

32
UI - 12276776
AU - Ovens JM
TI - Carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix. (Letter to the editor).
SO - J Am Med Assoc 1973 January 8;223(2):195
In the October 30 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association the question was asked how much time can safely elapse from the diagnosis of carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix until a hysterectomy is done. The reply by the consultant indicated that hysterectomy could be done immediately, or a certain length of time up to 6-8 weeks could be allowed. There is another very definite possibility in the treatment of carcinoma of the cervix not mentioned by the consultant. With a suspicious result for a Papanicolaou smear, quadrant biopsies, or Schiller's stains being used, a cold conization of the cervix can be done. Examination of the specimen removed at the cold cone may show carcinoma of the cervix in situ surrounded by normal tissue. If the coned site of the cervix is then allowed to heal, which it will do in about 6 weeks, Papanicolaou smears may then reveal normal findings and the entire in situ cervical carcinoma may have been removed with the cold cone. If normal findings on smears persist in the future, hysterectomy may never be indicated for this condition. At times, squamous carcinoma in situ of the cervix can be cured by less radical means than hysterectomy. full text

33
UI - 12307521
AU - Christine BW
TI - Cervical cancer screening.
SO - Conn Health Bull 1974 January;89(1):19-21

34
UI - 12259009
AU - Terris M; Oalmann MC
TI - Carcinoma of the cervix: an epidemiologic study.
SO - J Am Med Assoc 1960 December 3;174(14):1847-51

35
UI - 12309434
AU - Robert HG; Dupre-froment J
TI - [Of the cervix intra-epithelial cancer in pill users and non-users]
SO - Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1979 January;7(1):9-16

36
UI - 12269054
AU - Anonymous
TI - [Possible link between long-term oral contraceptive use and cervical cancer]
SO - Perspect Int Planif Fam 1987;(Spec No):40-1

37
UI - 12346007
AU - Anonymous
TI - HIV Infection in Women conference.
SO - AIDSlink 1995 Mar-Apr;(32):15

38
UI - 12319236
AU - Singh M; Dwivedi S; Singh G; Bajpai M
TI - Serum copper levels in different stages of carcinoma cervix uteri.
SO - Indian J Matern Child Health 1990 Jan-Mar;1(1):12-4

39
UI - 12347464
AU - Baylon MC
TI - Motherhood: making it safer for Filipino women.
SO - MARHIA 1996 Jan-Jun;9(1):10-1

40
UI - 12347474
AU - Jain A; Barone M
TI - Preventing cervical cancer.
SO - AVSC News 1996 Fall;34(3):2

41
UI - 12347745
AU - Rane W
TI - Ethical, moral and philosophical aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology.
SO - Health Millions 1996 Jan-Feb;22(1):21-2

42
UI - 12292200
AU - Anonymous
TI - Non-contraceptive benefits of oral contraceptives.
SO - Prog Hum Reprod Res 1996;(39):6-7

43
UI - 12292201
AU - Anonymous
TI - Men's sexual behaviour affects their wives' risk of cervical cancer.
SO - Prog Hum Reprod Res 1996;(39):7-8

44
UI - 12292697
AU - Hesperian Foundation; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health PATH
TI - Cancer of the cervix: a training guide to promote awareness.
SO - Hesperian Found News 1997 Spring-Summer;Suppl():1-4

45
UI - 12293924
AU - Kennedy L
TI - South Africa project provides cervical cancer screening.
SO - AVSC News 1997 Spring;35(1):4-5

46
UI - 12294551
AU - Anonymous
TI - Reproductive cancers: women's access to screening services.
SO - Arrows Change 1997 Dec;3(3):1-2

47
UI - 12294552
AU - Anonymous
TI - Accessibility of breast and cervical cancer services in Malaysia.
SO - Arrows Change 1997 Dec;3(3):3

48
UI - 12294650
AU - Anonymous
TI - Cayman Islands: cervical cancer increases.
SO - Caribb Health 1999 Jan;1(4):4
A recent study of the incidence of cervical cancer in the Cayman Islands found that there had been a dramatic increase in the rate from 19.2/100,000 women during the first year of the 6 years studied to 62.6/100,000 women during the last year of the study. Well over 50% of the cases (58.6%) were women under the age of 40 years. 75% of the cases (75.9%) did not have a Pap smear within 5 years of the diagnosis. The mean annual age-adjusted incidence of cervical cancer during the study period was 42.7/100,000 women over 20 years of age, which is the highest reported incidence in the Caribbean. Further details of the study can be obtained from Dr. P. Maoris, George Twon Hospital, PO Box 915, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands; phone: 0135 949 0190; e-mail: maourisp@cand.ky full text

49
UI - 12222284
AU - Batar I
TI - Screening for breast and cervical cancer in Europe. Hungary.
SO - Entre Nous Cph Den 1996 Dec;(34-35):9

50
UI - 11874862
AU - Pilch H; Hohn H; Neukirch C; Freitag K; Knapstein PG; Tanner B; Maeurer
TI - MJ Antigen-driven T-cell selection in patients with cervical cancer as evidenced by T-cell receptor analysis and recognition of autologous tumor.
SO - Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002 Mar;9(2):267-78
AD - Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany. HPilch3920@aol.com
We characterized the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in freshly harvested tumor lesions, in short-term-expanded CD4(+) tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) as well as in CD4(+) and CD8(+) peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from three patients with cervical cancer. Skewing of the T-cell repertoire as defined by measuring the length of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) of the TCR VA and VB chains was observed in CD8(+) PBL, in freshly harvested tumor tissue, as well as in CD4(+) TIL. Comparative analysis of the TCR repertoire revealed unique monoclonal TCR transcripts within the tumor lesion which were not present in PBL, suggesting selection of TCR clonotypes due to antigenic stimulation. TCR repertoire analysis of the short-term (7-day) CD4(+) TIL lines revealed that the TCR composition is markedly different from that in CD4(+) PBL or in the freshly harvested tumor tissue. Only one-third of CD4(+) TIL lines showed HLA-DR-restricted recognition of autologous tumor cells as defined by cytolysis. These data provide support for the antigen-driven selection of T cells within cervical cancer lesions and suggest that analysis of the TCR repertoire may aid in obtaining an objective description of the immune response in patients with cervical cancer who are undergoing epitope-based immunotherapy.

51
UI - 12264504
AU - Hatcher RA
TI - Consider condoms for the woman at high risk of cervical cancer.
SO - Contracept Technol Update 1982 Apr;3(4):52-3

52
UI - 12345192
AU - Rao K; Chen Y
TI - Impact of changes in China's urban mortality on the average life expectancy.
SO - Chin J Popul Sci 1993;5(1):67-73

53
UI - 12287877
AU - Kim SJ; Namkoong SE; Lee JM; Ahn WS; Park JS; Kim JW; Bae SN; Han SK
TI - Cervical cancer control in Korea: colposcopy / cervicograph / cytology.
SO - Arch AIDS Res 1994;8(1-2):101-11

54
UI - 12294653
AU - Hoyo C
TI - Cervical cancer risk among Jamaican women [abstract]
SO - Diss Abstr Int 1999;59(8-B):4027

55
UI - 12349102
AU - Fletcher H
TI - Screening for cervical cancer in Jamaica.
SO - Caribb Health 1999 Apr;2(1):9-11

56
UI - 12295729
AU - Bonhomme MG
TI - Use of DMPA and the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in situ of the uterine cervix in Kingston, Jamaica [abstract]


OncoLink I wish u knew...

Marianna talks about what makes a great oncology nurse and how the experience of caring for people with cancer is a rewarding career. Read more.